Ptolemy the Eighth Cultural Archaeological Study Thesis Submitted For M.Sc Degree in Guidance Department Submitted By Mohamed Faik Ismail B. Sc., Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Fayoum Branch, Guidance Department, 2007. Demonstrator in Guidance Dep. Faculty of Tourism & Hotels Fayoum University Under Supervision of Prof. Dr. Adel Farid Tobia Prof. of Ancient Egyptian Language Faculty of Archaeology Fayoum University Dr. Nagwa Ibrahim Zoher Lecturer of the Egyptian Monuments in the Greek Roman period Faculty of Tourism & Hotels Fayoum University 2012 0 Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I thank my committee members for their exceptional support and mentoring over the years. First among them Dr. Nagwa Ibrahim my sponsor and mentor. Really the writing of this thesis would never have come to fruition without her support; she has read the sections of this work many, many times without complain. I gained immeasurably from her amazing breadth of knowledge and her keen eyes for detail greatly refine the dissertation. I can not say except that without her I would never have made it this far. I am indebted to Prof. Dr. Adel Tobia my committee chair; I thank him with my whole heart. I have to the thank Prof. Dr. Enyat Mohammed Ahmed ―Prof. of Graeco Roman Archaeology, Alexandira University‖ and Prof. Dr. Adel el Sayed Abd el Aziz ―Prof. of Acient Egyptian History, Faculty of Art, Fayoum University‖, as they honored me to presence and discuss my thesis. I thanks also Dr. Wahed Omran and Dr. Osama el Sayed for their support to me, really their hands is visible in all the very best parts of the study. Also I thank Dr. Ahmed Ebied, for his computer related assistance. Special thanks go to Dr. Tamer Magdy for his support that related to the dress of the king, Mr. Magdy kotkat to his support to me in the hieroglyphic side, a lot of thanks to Mr. Islam Adel. I owe a great debt of thanks to my dear friends Dr. Abd el Rahem Mohamed and Dr. Mohamed Mostafa. Really none of this work would have been imaginable without the support and encouragement of my mother and my brother. 1 Acknowledgements There are another person are not here to see the completion of this thesis, they are greatly missed, my great dad and my elder brother Mr. Mostafa Abd El Hammed may the god mercy them. To the many others who supported me and I have forgotten to mention their names, I say thank you. To all these persons, thank you. 2 List of Abbrevations List of Abbreviations: AJA: American Journal of Archaeology, Baltimore. ASAE: Annales du Service des Antiquités de L'Égypte, Le Caire. BAR: James Henry Breasted, Ancient Records of Egypt, 5Bde, Chicago, 1927. BASOR: Bulletin of The American Schools of Oriental Research, New Haven, Cambridge (Mass.), Philadelphia. BIFAO: Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale, Le Caire.. BMFA: Bulletin of the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. BMMA: Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. CEA: Lloyd, A B., A Companion Egyptian Art, 2 volumes, Wiley- Blackwell, Oxford, 2010. EAAE: Bard, K., Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt. London & New york, 1999. EA: Egyptian Archeology. EES : Egypt Explortion Society, Loondon. GM: Gottinger Miszellen, Gottingen. DG: Gauthier, H., Dictionnaire des Noms Geographiques, Contenus dans les Texts Hieroglyphique, 7 Bds, Le Caire, 1925-1931. JARCE: Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, Boston. JEA: The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, London. JESS: The Journal of The Egyptian Study Society. JNES: Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Chicago. L.D: Lepsius, Denkmaler aus Ägypten und Äethiiopien, Berlin, 1849. LÄ: Lexikon der Ägyptoligie, Wiebaden. P.M: Porter, Bertha & Rosalind L. B. Moss, Topographical Bibliography of Ancient Egyptian Hieroglyphic Texts, Reliefs, and Panting, vol. III, Oxford, 7Bde, Oxford 1927-52, 2nd Edition, 1960 ff. ZÄS: Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache and Altertumskunde, Leipzig, Berlin. 3 Table of Contents Table of Contents Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ 1 List of Abbreviations: .................................................................................................... 3 Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables ................................................................................................................. 7 List of Charts: ................................................................................................................ 7 I. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 8 1. Historical Background: ............................................................................................ 12 1.1 After the death of Ptolemy V: ................................................................................ 12 1.2 The Invasion of Antiochus to Egypt: ..................................................................... 13 1.3 The Alexandrians proclaim Euergetes II: .............................................................. 16 1.4 Euergetes Ruling Egypt alone: ............................................................................... 23 1.5 Euergetes become the king of Egypt: .................................................................... 26 1.6 The Roman Expedition: ......................................................................................... 34 1.7 The Amnesty of 118 B.C: ...................................................................................... 37 1.8 The Death of the King: ........................................................................................... 38 1.9 After the Death of the King: .................................................................................. 38 2. Chapter One: Cultural Study .................................................................................... 44 2.1 The Administration System: .................................................................................. 44 2.1.1 The Administration System inside Egypt: .......................................................... 44 2.1.2 The Administration System of Ptolemy VIII outside Egypt: .............................. 53 2.1.2.1 Cyrene: ......................................................................................................... 54 2.1.2.2 Cyprus: ......................................................................................................... 63 2.2 The Economic System during his Reign: ............................................................... 65 2.2.1 Financial system: ............................................................................................. 66 2.2.2 Agriculture: ..................................................................................................... 69 2.2.3 Industry: .......................................................................................................... 78 2.2.4 Trade: .............................................................................................................. 79 2.3 The Social Live during his Reign: ......................................................................... 82 2.3.1 The Greeks: ..................................................................................................... 83 2.3.2 The Egyptian: .................................................................................................. 86 2.3.2.1 The Egyptian revolution during the reign of Ptolemy VIII: ........................ 88 2.3.2.1.1 The revolution of Peto-Serapis: ................................................................ 90 2.3.2.1.2 The Revolution of Upper Egypt: ............................................................... 92 2.3.2.1.3 The Revolution of Fayoum: ...................................................................... 93 2.3.2.1.4 The Alexandrians Revolution: .................................................................. 93 2.3.2.1.5 Amixia period: .......................................................................................... 94 2.3.3 The mixture between the Egyptian and the Greeks: ....................................... 99 2.3.4 The Jews: ....................................................................................................... 101 2.4 The courts and the judiciary during his reign: ..................................................... 103 2.4.1 The different between the Egyptian and Greek law: ..................................... 104 2.4.2 The legislator to the country laws: ................................................................ 106 2.4.3 The types of courts: ....................................................................................... 106 2.4.4 The members of the judiciary system: .......................................................... 110 2.4.5 The lawsuit of Hermias: ................................................................................ 110 2.5 The cultural life: ................................................................................................... 112 2.6 His Religious Policy: ........................................................................................... 117 2.6.1 The Deification of the King: ......................................................................... 118 2.6.2 His policy toward the Egyptian priests: ........................................................ 125 4 Table of Contents 2.6.3