176 M.A. Part - II SOCIOLOGY PAPER-V INDUSTRY LABOUR AND SOCIETY © UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Dr. Devanand Shinde Vice Chancellor Incharge, University of Mumbai, Mumbai. Dr. Dhaneswar Harichandan Prof. Anil R. Bankar Director Incharge, Associate Prof. of History and Asst. Institute of Distance and Director & Incharge, Open Learning, Study Material Section, IDOL, University of Mumbai, Mumbai. University of Mumbai, Mumbai. Programme Co-ordinator : Dr. Shashi Mishra Course Writers : Dr. Shashi Mishra R.J. College Ghatkopar, : Prof. Kanak Samal V.G. Vaze College, Mulund. : Dr. Gazala Bhoje G.M.Momin Woman's College, Bhiwandi. : Prof. Kinjal H. Mehta Maniben Nanavati Women's College. Editor : Dr. Gazala Bhoje G.M.Momin Woman's College, Bhiwandi. April 2018, M.A. Part - II, Sociology Paper-V, Industry Labour And Society Published by : Director Incharge Institute of Distance and Open Learning, University of Mumbai, Vidyanagari, Mumbai - 400 098. DTP Composed by : Varda Offset & Typesetters Andhei (W) Printed by : Uchitha Graphic Printers Pvt. Ltd. 65, Ideal Industrial Estate, S. B. Marg, Lower Parel, Mumbai - 400 013., www.uchitha.com CONTENTS Chapter No. Title Page No. 1. Industrialisation And Social Change: Features Of Industrial Society 1 2. Impact Of Industry On Social Institution 26 3. Industry And Labour In India – 37 Evolution Of Industries And The Labour Force 4. Labour Commitment 65 5. Formal Organizations : Structure And Change 84 6. Informal Organisation Objectives 111 7. Work And Technology 126 8a. Technology And Employment 137 8b. Gender And Technology 149 9. Work And Technology 159 10. Labour Market 169 11. Industrial Relations: Nature Of Conflicts And Conflict 181 Resolution Changing Role Of The State 12. Trade Unions Evolution Of Trade Unions Trade Unions And 239 Politics 13. Economic Liberalization And Globalization 255 14. Labour In A Globalising World 266 15. Status Of Public Sector And Privatization, Voluntary 277 Retirement Scheme ***** I Syllabus M. A. PART II Sociology Paper V- INDUSTRY, LABOUR AND SOCIETY. 1. Industrialisation and Social Change: Features of industrial society. Impact of industry on social institution’s (family, kinship, caste, community). 2. Industry and Labour in India: Evolution of industries and the labour force. Labour commitment. 3. Formal organisations: Structure and change. 4. Work and Technology-1: Work and alienation,” Technology and employment Gender and technology. 5. Work and Technology-2: Taylorism, Fordism, Flexible Specialisation. 6. Labour Market: Stocffire”(segmentaiion and fragmentation). Factors influencing the labour market (social stratification, caste, kinship, region, gender). Politics of regionalism. 7. Industrial Relations : Nature of conflict and conflict resolution. Changing role of the State. 8 Trade Unions: Evolution of trade unions. Growth and influence of trade unions in India. Trade unions and politics. Problems relating to caste, ethnicity and gender. 9. Economic Liberalisation and Globalisitipn: Labour In a globalising world. Status -of public sector and privatisation. Voluntary retirement scheme. Reading List 1. Anderson, M. (ed) (1986X Sociology of the Family, Penguin, Harmondsworth. 2. Bagchi, Amiya (ed) (1994), New Technology and the Workers’ Response: Micro-electronics, Labour and Society, Sage Publications, Delhi. 3. Bannerji, N. (1991), Women in Changing Industrial Scenario, Sage Publications, Delhi. 4. Barse, Myrtle, From Blue Collar to No Collar, St. Paul’s Publishing House, Delhi. 5. Burns, T. (ed) (1970), Industrial Man, Penguin, Harmondsworth. 6. Cornfield, D. and R. Hodson (eds) (2002), The Worlds of Work: Towards and International Sociology of Labour, Klewer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York. 7. Fernandes, Leela (1999), Producing Workers: The Politics of Gender, Class and Culture, Sage Publications, Delhi. 8. Holmstrom, M. (ed) (1999), Industrial Clusters in India, Sage Publications, Delhi. 9. Holmstrom, M. (1986), Industry and Inequality. Towards a Social II Anthropology of Indian Labour, Cambridge University Press. 10. Jenkins, Rob (1999), Democratic Politics and Economic Reform in India, Cambridge University Press. - 11. Kalpagam, Uma (1994), Gender and Labour, Sage Publications, Delhi. 12. Moore, W. and A. S. Feldman (eds) (1960), Labour Commitment and Developing Countries, Social Science Research Council, New York. 13. Parry, Jonathan, J. Breman, K. Kapadia (eds) (1999), The Worlds of Industrial Labour, Sage Publications, Delhi. 14. Ramaswamy, E. A. (2000), Managing Human Resources, Oxford University Press, Delhi. 15. Ramaswamy, E. A. (1986), Power and Justice, Oxford University Press, Delhi. 16. Revri, C (1958), The Trade Union Movement in India, Orient Longmans, Hyderabad. 17. Sawant, ST. and P. Rao (eds) (1993), New Economic Policy: Problems and Prospects, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Delhi. 18. Seminar (1995), Vol. 429, “Globalisation and the Unions”. 19. Seminar (1997), Vol. 452, “Workers and Unions”. 20. Sen, Sukomal (1990), Trade Union Movement in India, K. P. Bagchi andCo., Kolkata. 21. Sheth, N. R. (1984), The Social Framework of an Indian Factory, Hindustan Publishers, Delhi. ***** III PREFACE The paper, Industry Labour and Society is a revised paper of the earlier one. Some new topics have been added and some of the old topic have been discarded Industrie Labour and Society is a central issue in Sociology as the discipline is a study of human society. This paper is therefore compulsory for all students.of Sociology. Those who have done Sociology at the B.A. level will be familiar with some of the concept discussed here. However, we must again stress that the student is expected to learn more and read more at the M.A. level. Hence please do not be under the illusion that your B.A. notes will suffice. It will suffice to ensure that you fail! We must stress once again that at the post-graduate (M.A.) level, you as a student, are expected to have must more knowledge that at the graduation level. The study material presented in this book has been prepared by a group of scholars having vast knowledge of the subject. We have left no stone unturned to ensure that you get the best quality for your studies. Hence we advise you that you should avoid reading guides on the subject. As post-graduate teachers we know about some of the material in circulation. We find these are very elementary and in most cases they give wrong facts. One of the surest way of failing the examination is by referring to guides/In most cases a good student will find that she actually knows more than the guide writer. Hence by following these guides one is likely to unlearn Sociology rather than learn anything. Finally we want to stress -that there is no shortcut to success. The study material presented in this book is of good quality but it is not sufficient. We have followed the M.A. lectures pattern. Lectures in the University Departments serve mainly to get the student inter-ested in the subject. The student has to do further reading on the topics in accordance with the suggestions made by the teacher. Similarly, the course materials are like lectures. If a student wants to do well she must do further reading form the suggested reading given at the end of each chapter. We wish you best of luck and hope that you will go through the readings and the suggested readings. Finally, you practice to write in a clear and coherent manner. You can do this if you practice to write clearly as this will give you confidence. Dr. ShashiA. Mishra Course Co-ordinator ***** 1 1 Chapter 1 Industrialisation and Social Change: Features of Industrial Society Concepts 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Industry as a system of production 1.3 Use of scientific method 1.4 Relationship of industry with other subsystem of society 1.5 Summary 1.6 Check your progress 1.7 Reference 1.8 Question 1.0 OBJECTIVES 1) To understand the complex methods which implies the use of machine. 2) To realise the importance of industry as a complex system of production. 1.1 INTRODUCTION Industry may be defined as “the application of complex & sophisticated methods to the production of Economic goods & services” as P. Gisbert has said. These complex methods which imply the use of machines have been devised in order to improve the quality of production. Modern industry, to which the definition more properly applies, originated during Industrial Revolution in the second half on the 18th century and is still developing. Man in a certain way has always been industrious by nature. He has always used tools or implements to obtain food & satisfy his needs. From the stone tools, digging stick, the hoe, spear or the bow and arrow used by preliterate men to procure his daily bread. 2 Now various types of tools and machines are used. Man has always made them with the use of his intelligence and his adjustive power to use of means to his ends. In fact the original Latin word for industry is “industria” which means skill & resourcefulness and in this sense an industrious man means a diligent & shrewd worker. In the modern sense industry means a system of production. Where big sophisticated machines & tools are used to produce Economic goods and tools are used to produce economic goods and services. 1.2 INDUSTRY AS A SYSTEM OF PRODUCTION Industry today is used to refer a factory mode of production where big or small machines are operated to produce consumer goods. This system involves the scientific or rational method to increase the production. ’Factory’ is referred to a ‘place’ where a large number of workers work together under the same roof. This system is developed by the Entrepreneurs who are also the Capitalists or merchants. These agents invest their money in big projects & can wait long for the return of their money. In order to produce items of common use on a large scale, in the Second half of the Eighteenth century, Entrepreneurs developed this system. In such a system capitalists invested large sum of money in land, building, machines or labour, workers were called from outside to manufacture a number of items.