encore THE ANNUAL RESEARCH MAGAZINE OF THE ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT INSTITUTE FOR INTERNET AND SOCIETY VOLUME 2015 encore THE ANNUAL RESEARCH MAGAZINE OF THE ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT INSTITUTE FOR INTERNET AND SOCIETY VOLUME 2015 EDITORIAL Jeanette Hofmann, Director of the Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society Not a day goes by without news about the digitalisation of our everyday life, its great promises but also its clashes with established norms and values. Are we ready for chips to be implanted under our skin? Do we embrace the idea of a decentralised digital currency? Will we be outperformed by the miracles of artificial intelligence and what can we expect from algorithmic regulation? Schumpeter’s “creative destruction” challenges us to shed new light on all the things we usually take for granted and to ask ourselves how we can give direction to the ongoing processes of transformation that modern societies face. As an interdisciplinary research institute, the Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society (HIIG) contributes in many ways to address these big questions. First of all, the HIIG has established itself as an important node in a growing network of researchers in the area of Internet and society. In 2015, Julian Staben, one of our first PhD students, submitted his thesis; many more will follow him in 2016. In view of the completion of our first generation of doctoral students, we revised our research programme and placed greater emphasis on interdisciplinary and cross-divisional issues. In addition to the Digitaler Salon, by now a well-established monthly discussion panel co-organised with DRadio Wissen, we organised a number of public and academic events. Among the first category was the Lunch Talk with Peter Thiel whose provocative ideas garnered a lot of attention. Towards the end of the year, we kicked off our new lecture series, co-organised with the Vodafone Institute for Society and Communication, on Big data: big power shifts?. We also had the pleasure of hosting two academic conferences; the annual Gikii meeting headed Living in the future and a meeting of the Sections Computer-mediated Communication and Sociology of Media Communication of the German Communication Association that addressed the dual dynamics of increasing and decreasing complexity in media and communication. Last but not least, following an extensive search that put the patience of many people to the test, the HIIG signed a tenancy agreement for an excellent new office. Located in Französische Straße between the Foreign Office and the Tiergarten, it enables all HIIG staff members and their guests to work once again on the same floor. What impact will this architectural change have on our interdisciplinary research? We are looking forward to the outcomes in 2016! 5 ARTICLES 30 Three ways of understanding civil disobedience in a digitised world CONTENT 40 Seizing the moment – is our understanding of open access too shortsighted? 46 Reputation instead of obligation: forging new policies to motivate academic data sharing 58 User innovations in the energy market 70 Collaborations between established companies and startups 84 Games research at HIIG hits the road 90 Orphan works in the U.S.: getting rid of “a frustration, a liability risk, and a major cause of gridlock” 106 South Africa might get the worst internet censorship law in Africa 114 The right to be forgotten: recent developments and German case law 122 The net neutrality debate on Twitter 140 Internet interconnection: networking in uncertain terrain 154 Internet and Society? A tiny word that makes a difference that makes a difference 6 EVENTS INTERVIEWS 39 Civil Disobedience 12 The institute’s research Beyond the State I – III directors were faced with a set of challenging questions 55 Digitaler Salon on the pulse of digitalisation 24 This year's fellows captured their time in Berlin with pictures 75 A Lunch Talk with entrepreneur Peter Thiel 65 Brave new digital world: How can German companies keep up? 76 Startups and the law – the future is wide open! 99 Julia Reda fights for a future-compatible copyright 81 Insights into Chile’s digital ecosystem: A travel report 151 How does digitalisation influence fundamental rights in europe? 113 The weekly lecture series: Werkstattgespräche 120 Between complexity AND and simplification 4 Editorial 147 HIIG hosts the 10th Gikii Conference 10 The institute’s lineup 148 ESRC: Up-and-coming researchers 20 As an Internet researcher, share their questions and findings what kind of personality are you? 103 A growing network 162 Publications 2015 R.171 Research Report 2015 209 Imprint 7 ABOUT THE ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT INSTITUTE FOR INTERNET AND SOCIETY 8 The Alexander von Humboldt Institute for Internet and Society (HIIG) explores the dynamic relationship between the Internet and society, including the increasing interpenetration of digital infrastructures and various domains of everyday life. Its goal is to understand the interplay of social-cultural, legal, economic, and technical norms in the process of digitalisation. Grounded in basic and applied research, the HIIG contributes novel ideas and insights to the public debate on the challenges and opportunities of digitalisation. It serves as a forum for researchers on Internet and society and encourages the collaborative development of projects, applications, and research networks on the national and international level. The institute uses a variety of formats to share its research with the public, including the political sphere, business and civil society. The three founding associates – the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, the University of the Arts Berlin and the Social Science Research Center Berlin, in alliance with the Hans Bredow Institute for Media Research in Hamburg as an integrated cooperation partner – enable multilayer perspectives of the Institute by focusing on technological and legal perspectives, as well as on sociological, economical and artistic aspects. 9 THE INSTITUTE’S LINEUP Kerstin Bass Matti Große Internet-enabled Innovation Internet-enabled Innovation Susanne Becker Adrian Haase Management Global Constitutionalism and the Internet Theresa Behrendt Jeanette Hofmann Global Constitutionalism and the Internet Internet Policy and Governance Marie-Christine Dähn Juliane Hüttl Global Constitutionalism and the Internet Management Kevin Dankert Leontine Jenner Internet and Media Regulation Internet Policy and Governance Martina Dopfer Christian Katzenbach Internet-enabled Innovation Internet Policy and Governance Frédéric Dubois Urs Kind Internet Policy Review Internet-enabled Innovation Jenny Fadranski Jakob Korbel Management Internet-enabled Innovation Benedikt Fecher Felix Krupar Internet-enabled Innovation Internet and Media Regulation Kristin Franz Hannfried Leisterer Management Global Constitutionalism and the Internet Sascha Friesike Sebastian Leuschner Internet-enabled Innovation Global Constitutionalism and the Internet Kai Gärtner Jana Leusing Management Global Constitutionalism and the Internet Paul Gebelein Antonia Lingens Internet Policy and Governance Internet-enabled Innovation Kirsten Gollatz Florian Lüdtke Internet Policy and Governance Management Maximilian von Grafenstein Rike Maier Internet-enabled Innovation Global Constitutionalism and the Internet 10 Uta Meier-Hahn Thomas Schildhauer Internet Policy and Governance Internet-enabled Innovation Mattia Nelles Jana Schudrowitz Internet-enabled Innovation Management Konstanze Neumann Wolfgang Schulz Internet-enabled Innovation Internet and Media Regulation Shirley Ogolla Hanna Soditt Internet-enabled Innovation Global Constitutionalism and the Internet Emma Peters Julian Staben Global Constitutionalism and the Internet Internet and Media Regulation Ingolf Pernice Robin P.G. Tech Global Constitutionalism and the Internet Internet-enabled Innovation Jörg Pohle Jennifer Wollniok Global Constitutionalism and the Internet Management Karina Preiß Martin Wrobel Management Internet-enabled Innovation Lies van Roessel Larissa Wunderlich Internet Policy and Governance Management Osvaldo Saldías Theresa Züger Global Constitutionalism and the Internet Global Constitutionalism and the Internet FELLOWS AND ASSOCIATES Ayad Al-Ani · Farzaneh Badiei · Sönke Bartling · Christian Ernst · Oriol Borrás Gené · Anett Göritz · Marcel Hebing · Paul Jackson · Rebecca Kahn · Jonas Kaiser · Dora Kaufmann · Nuri Khadem · Moti Mironi · Christopher Newman · Alex Nicolai · Shan Ling Pan · Christian Pentzold · Cornelius Puschmann · Simon Rinas · Tobias Schneider · Sebastian Schwemer · Hendrik Send · Su Sonkan · Matthias Spielkamp · Stefan Stumpp · Florian Süßenguth · Stefan Trifonov · Steffen Tröger · Ben Zevenbergen FAREWELL 2015 Svenja Böttger · Andrea Calderaro · Lisa Chichowitz · Anna Hansch · Lisa Hillers · Mattis Jacobs · Artur Krutsch · Benjamin Lück · Moritz Neujeffski · Nancy Richter · Thea Riebe · Maria Rothämel · Armin Sauermann · Kaja Scheliga · Rüdiger Schwarz · Lennart Ziebarth 11 DO YOU TWEET? The institute’s research directors were faced with a set of challenging questions 12 WE ASKED JEANETTE HOFMANN … Is life without the Internet possible? Do you tweet? I wouldn’t want to give it a try. 1,906 times in six years. Is life without society possible? If no, why not? If yes, why? Depends on the number of deadlines! Because I have opinions? Is life without an Internet institute possible? Have you ever considered getting a What a depressing thought. fake facebook account, to become friends with your colleagues in order