MORAL LESSONS AS REFLECTED IN TOM’S CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT IN MARK TWAIN’S THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By: DODI ADI SETIAWAN Student Number: 024214058 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2007 MORAL LESSONS AS REFLECTED IN TOM’S CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT IN MARK TWAIN’S THE ADVENTURES OF TOM SAWYER AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters By: DODI ADI SETIAWAN Student Number: 024214058 DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2007 i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am most grateful to Allah SWT, whose will has made me able to finish this thesis. I would like to express my gratitude for giving me patience, determination and ease to complete this thesis. I am nothing without Him. I would like to express my gratitude to my advisor, Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum. for her friendly and clear guidance, support, and the advice. It is nice to have her as my advisor. My gratitude also goes to my co-advisor, Dra. AB. Sri Mulyani, M. A. who not only checked my imperfect thesis but also gave some suggestion. I am also indebted to all staff in English Letters Department secretariat and librarians at Sanata Dharma University library whose help is always there for helping me. The followings are my friends in Sanata Dharma University who have been greatly helpful to me in various ways: Thomas, Fena, Nuke, Indhi, Yani and the gang, Ochie, Lira, Nita, Memei, Diah, Selvie, Sigit, Wawan, Leo, Septa, Dimas, Prasetio, David, Teh Ria and the gang, Shella and the gang, Stepha and the gang, and other 2002 folks. I would like to show my appreciation for the friendship and memories we have shared. I hope we can be good friends wherever and whenever we are. I also want to express my thanks for my timeless friends; Didik, Titis, Zulkhan, Rivo, and Hasan. They have assisted me a lot in building my spirit. There are many other persons who have given me a hand and whose name I cannot mention here. My appreciation goes to them. Grateful thanks are due to Mbak Dewi, Mas Nano, Mas Doni, Mbak Atik, Bayu, Letta, Farrel, Fadiil, also my future wife, Astrid Santosa, for their love, care, and attention. Finally, I cannot help giving my sincere and wholehearted thankfulness to my beloved Dad and Mom. I could not have finished this thesis without their blessings and prayers. Dodi Adi Setiawan iv TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGE ......................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE .................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. v ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... vi ABSTRAK ....................................................................................................... vii CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ................................................................... 1 A. Background of the Study ............................................................................ 1 B. Problem Formulation .................................................................................. 5 C. Objectives of the Study ............................................................................... 5 D. Definition of Terms .................................................................................... 5 CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW .................................................... 7 A. Review of Related Studies .......................................................................... 7 B. Review of Related Theories ......................................................................... 9 1. Theories on Character .................................................................................. 9 2. Theories on Characterization ........................................................................ 11 3. Theories of Character Development ............................................................. 12 4. Theories of Moral and Morality ................................................................... 14 5. Theories of Message ..................................................................................... 16 6. The Relation between Morality and Literature ............................................ 18 C. Theoretical Framework ................................................................................ 20 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ................................................................ 21 A. Object of the Study...................................................................................... 21 B. Approach of the Study ................................................................................ 22 C. Method of the Study .................................................................................... 23 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS............................................................................. 25 A. The Characteristics of Tom Sawyer ............................................................. 25 B. Tom Sawyer’s Character Development ....................................................... 47 C. The Moral Lessons Reflected through Tom Sawyer’s Character Development................................................................................................ 54 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................ 60 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 63 v ABSTRACT DODI ADI SETIAWAN (2007). Moral Lessons as Reflected in Tom’s Character Development in Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University. Based on Henkle’s notion that human life can be studied from the novel through the characters described in it, it is interesting to find the idea in this literary work by Twain. The story itself is about a boy whose life is full of adventures. The climax of the story shows significant character developments. The developments indicate that there are moral lessons. There must be some events behind the character developments. The analysis will be done to find the explanation for these developments and then attain moral lesson from them. Three problems come up as guidance for the analysis. The first is to analyze the characteristics of Tom Sawyer as the data for the second problem. The second problem is to reveal the character developments and the events which lay behind. The last problem is intended to find the relation between the character development and the moral lessons in the story. Theories on character are used to answer the first problem. Theories on character developments are utilized to reveal the existing character developments. To be able to find the relation between the character developments and the moral lessons, theories on moral and morality, also the relation between morality and literature are applied. By doing the analysis, the study finds out that Tom can be characterized as a smart boy, who behaves mischievously, sometimes does some show-off, and believes in superstition. Some events exist like the adventure of Jackson’s Island, the Muff Potter’s trial, and the adventure with Becky Thatcher in the cave along with several minor events has developed Tom Sawyer’s character. He turns into a more mature, and responsible boy at the end of the story. There are some moral lessons that can be attained from the character developments. The most observable moral lessons that can be achieved are that we should work hard and do not give up easily to reach our dreams. The other is that we should be responsible for all of our actions, and ready to accept the mistake and the consequences for what we did. The analysis about character developments and their relations with moral lessons will strengthen the notion that literature gives its readers a deeper and richer knowledge of human life. vi ABSTRAK DODI ADI SETIAWAN (2007). Moral Lessons as Reflected in Tom’s Character Development in Mark Twain’s The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma. Berdasarkan pendapat dari Henkle yang menyatakan bahwa kehidupan manusia dapat dipelajari dari novel melalui karakter yang terdapat didalamnya menjadikan penulis tertarik untuk menguak ide-ide tersebut dalam salah satu karya sastra Mark Twain ini. Novel ini menceritakan tentang sebagian perjalanan hidup seorang anak bernama Tom Sawyer yang penuh dengan cerita-cerita petualangan. Klimak dari cerita ini menunjukkan adanya perubahan yang cukup signifikan dalam karakter tersebut. Perubahan tersebut mengindikasikan adanya pesan moral yang dapat dipetik didalamnya. Dapat dipastikan bahwa terdapat beberapa peristiwa yang hadir dan mengilhami perubahan tersebut. Analisis akan dilakukan sebagai suatu proses penjelasan tentang perkembangan karakter tersebut, dan kemudian menarik pesan moral yang terkandung didalamnya. Tiga permasalahan muncul sebagai panduan analisis. Yang pertama diangkat