THE INTRODUCTION OF HAVANA-HOPEWELL IN WEST MICHIGAN AND NORTHWEST INDIANA: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNITIES, INTERACTION NETWORKS, AND MOBILITY PATTERNS By Jeff Chivis A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Anthropology - Doctor of Philosophy 2016 ABSTRACT THE INTRODUCTION OF HAVANA-HOPEWELL IN WEST MICHIGAN AND NORTHWEST INDIANA: AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO THE IDENTIFICATION OF COMMUNITIES, INTERACTION NETWORKS, AND MOBILITY PATTERNS By Jeff Chivis This research examines approximately 500 Middle Woodland (~150 B.C. – A.D. 400) pottery samples from 56 habitation and burial mound sites in west Michigan and northwest Indiana to identify the different types of mechanisms that were associated with the introduction and persistence of Havana-Hopewellian information and ceramic technology in the study region. It achieves this by fusing stylistic pottery analyses with compositional (i.e., ceramic petrography) analyses to define the social boundaries of different types of communities on multiple spatial scales. The results have provided insight into the complex and dynamic types of cultural interactions and mobility patterns operating within the study region, the distinct behavioral patterns unique to each individual community, and the assortment of mechanisms responsible for the spread and maintenance of Havana-Hopewell. Mechanisms identified in this research include diffusion, fission, migration, family visitation, the likely frequent intermarriage between communities, the seasonal use or scheduling of resource use within buffer zones, territorial expansion, pilgrimage, potential community merger, down-the-line exchange, the likely exchange of food and other material goods, and a shared multi-community mortuary program. The results ultimately suggest that social boundaries on both local and regional spatial scales were open, fluid, and probably unbounded. Copyright by JEFF CHIVIS 2016 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS There are many people who have contributed to the completion of this dissertation. I am forever grateful for my dissertation committee who has guided me throughout my graduate school career. I especially thank my advisor, Dr. Jodie O’Gorman, for her constant encouragement and patience as I worked through the process of designing and completing this research. I know that I was extremely fortunate that Jodie agreed to be my advisor and her contributions to my professional growth have been significant. I also want to thank the rest of my graduate committee: Drs. William Lovis, John Norder, and Lynne Goldstein. I am very appreciative of all of their comments and direction. Together, they have all helped me to broaden my theoretical and methodological perspectives. There are at least two other individuals who provided significant contributions to my academic success. First and foremost was Dr. Janet Brashler, who took me under her wing as an undergraduate student at Grand Valley State University, and my interests in Havana-Hopewell in Michigan (and ceramic petrography) are a product of my time as her student. I owe much of my success to her and I consider her to be a dear friend and colleague. Secondly, I want to thank Dr. James Stoltman who shared his expertise in ceramic petrography with me. I must also acknowledge the institutions (and individuals) that granted me permission to use the ceramic samples included in this dissertation. This includes Michigan State University and Dr. Lovis; the University of Michigan and Karen O’Brien; Grand Valley State University and Dr. Brashler; Western Michigan University and Dr. LouAnn Wurst; the Grand Rapids Public Museum; the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians and Jay Sam; the Office of the State Archaeologist/SHPO in Lansing and Dean Anderson, Stacy Tchorzynski, Jessica Yann, and iv Barbara Mead; the Glenn A. Black Laboratory of Archaeology, Indiana University and Drs. Timothy Bauman and G.W. Monaghan; the Illinois State Museum and Dr. Terrance Martin; and Dr. William Mangold. Without access to these collections, the type of multiscalar analysis completed in this dissertation would not have been possible. The majority of funding for this project was provided by a National Science Foundation Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant (Award #1135612). The Graduate School and the Department of Anthropology at Michigan State University also provided additional funding. Lastly, as a member of a federally recognized tribe in Michigan, I was fortunate to have access to additional funding opportunities throughout my undergraduate and graduate student careers. Thank you to the Education Department at the Nottawaseppi Huron Band of the Potawatomi for providing these additional sources of funding. Last, but certainly not least, I must thank my family and friends who have provided emotional support through the years of this dissertation research. My parents, Gary and Jeanne Chivis, were immense supporters of mine and have always encouraged me to pursue a higher education. I spent many countless nights as an undergraduate student studying for upcoming exams with my parents, especially my mother. I am indebted to them for providing me with a solid foundation and an upbringing that stressed the value of a college degree. My brothers (Jason and Joe) and sisters (Bonnie, Angie, and Melissa) have also provided were also very supportive. I am also thankful for my girlfriend, Elizabeth Pigeon, who provided that last bit of encouragement during the final stages of writing this dissertation. In addition to these great people, there were other friends and acquaintances who inspired me to finish my Ph.D. Although too numerous to list, I thank all of them as well. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................................... xiii LIST OF FIGURES..................................................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................... 1 Introduction..........................................................................................................................1 Theoretical Framework ........................................................................................................7 Intraregional Interactions, Residential Communities, and Technical Style ............8 Regional and Interregional Interactions ................................................................11 Predicted Outcomes and Expectations...............................................................................13 Intraregional Spatial Scale Expectations and Analysis..........................................13 Regional and Interregional Expectations and Analysis .........................................16 Expected Research Gain.....................................................................................................20 Organization of Dissertation...............................................................................................23 CHAPTER 2 THE MIDDLE WOODLAND HAVANA-HOPEWELL PHENOMENON.......... 25 Introduction........................................................................................................................25 The Havana-Hopewell Complex in the Midwest...............................................................25 The Middle Woodland Period in Michigan........................................................................32 Historical Background...........................................................................................32 Introduction of Havana-Hopewell.........................................................................34 Subsistence and Settlement Patterns......................................................................37 Radiocarbon Dates and Temporal Considerations.................................................39 The Middle Woodland Period in the Kankakee Basin of Northwest Indiana...................44 The Middle Woodland Period in Marshall County, Indiana..............................................46 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................47 CHAPTER 3 CERAMIC METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS................................................ 49 Introduction........................................................................................................................49 Sampling Methodology......................................................................................................51 Visual vs. Technical Style Variables..................................................................................53 Visual Style Variables............................................................................................53 Technical Style Variables.......................................................................................55 Non-Petrographic Technical Style Variables.............................................55 Ceramic Petrography Technical Style Variables.......................................56 Analyses.............................................................................................................................59 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................60 vi CHAPTER 4 RESULTS...............................................................................................................