i TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS I TABLES IV FIGURES VII PLATES IX LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS X ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AUTHORS AND CONTRIBUTORS XII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XIII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY XV 1 INTRODUCTION 1-1 1.1 General 1-1 1.2 This report 1-1 1.3 The Project 1-2 1.4 Project Location and Study Area 1-2 1.5 The project proponent 1-7 2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2-9 2.1 Nigerian Administrative Framework 2-9 2.2 Nigerian Regulatory Framework 2-13 2.3 Nigerian Environmental Legislations 2-15 2.4 Regional and International Agreements and Conventions 2-19 2.5 Terms of Reference for the EIA 2-21 2.6 ToR Methodology for EIA 2-21 2.7 Overall schedule of EIA implementation 2-25 3 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 3-27 3.1 Introduction 3-27 3.2 Statement of Need 3-27 3.3 Benefits of the Project 3-32 3.4 Value of the Project 3-33 3.5 Project Sustainability 3-33 3.6 Alternatives Analysis 3-34 4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 4-37 4.1 Introduction 4-37 4.2 Description of Project Activities 4-37 5 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT ENVIRONMENT 5-51 5.1 Introduction 5-51 5.2 Data Collection and Sources of Information 5-51 Eko Atlantic Shoreline Protection and Reclamation Project Environmental Impact Assessment, October 2012 Proponent South Energyx Nigeria Ltd ii 5.3 Oceanographic measurement campaign to inform coastal modelling5-52 5.4 Wet Season Marine and Lagoon Baseline Environment Study 5-53 5.5 Dry Season Marine and Lagoon Baseline Environment Study 5-53 5.6 Geotechnical Studies 5-60 5.7 Socio-Economic Baseline Environment Study 5-61 5.8 Air, Noise and Vibration Assessment Methodologies 5-70 5.9 Coastal Morphology and Sediment Processes 5-75 5.10 Metocean data 5-86 5.11 Marine Water Quality 5-94 5.12 Lagoon Water Quality 5-104 5.13 Marine Sediment Quality 5-114 5.14 Lagoon Sediment Quality 5-122 5.15 Groundwater 5-127 5.16 Air Quality 5-127 5.17 Noise and Vibration 5-130 5.18 Marine Ecology 5-133 5.19 Lagoon Ecology 5-144 5.20 Ornithology 5-151 5.21 Terrestrial Ecology 5-153 5.22 Navigation 5-154 5.23 Fishing Grounds 5-157 5.24 Cultural Heritage / Archaeology 5-157 5.25 Religious Worship 5-157 5.26 Landscape Character 5-157 5.27 Characteristics of Metropolitan Lagos 5-157 5.28 Victoria Island 5-159 5.29 History of Lagos 5-160 5.30 Urban Development 5-161 5.31 Public Health 5-163 5.32 Socio-economic situation 5-164 6 POTENTIAL AND ASSOCIATED IMPACTS 6-183 6.1 Introduction 6-183 6.2 Impact Evaluation Methodology 6-183 6.3 Coastal Morphology, Sediment Processes and Meteorology 6-187 6.4 Water and Sediment Quality 6-200 6.5 Groundwater 6-207 6.6 Air Quality 6-208 6.7 Noise and Vibration 6-221 6.8 Marine and Coastal Ecology 6-193 6.9 Lagoon Ecology 6-200 6.10 Ornithology 6-201 6.11 Terrestrial Ecology 6-201 6.12 Socio-economic Impacts 6-203 6.13 Navigation 6-206 6.14 Landscape and visual quality 6-207 6.15 Recreation 6-209 6.16 Cultural heritage 6-210 6.17 Health and Safety 6-210 Eko Atlantic Shoreline Protection and Reclamation Project Environmental Impact Assessment, October 2012 Proponent South Energyx Nigeria Ltd iii 6.18 Cumulative Effects Assessment 6-211 7 MITIGATION MEASURES 7-215 7.1 Introduction 7-215 7.2 Emergency response mitigation 7-238 7.3 Waste management 7-240 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8-244 8.1 Introduction 8-244 8.2 Environmental Organisation and Programme 8-244 8.3 Control of dredging and reclamation processes 8-246 8.4 Mitigation Measures 8-246 8.5 Monitoring 8-247 8.6 Adaptive coastal erosion mitigation scheme 8-255 9 CONCLUSIONS 9-258 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9-260 LIST OF APPENDICES 9-270 Appendix A Terms of Reference and Registration Documents 9-270 Appendix B FMEnv EIA Guidance 9-270 Appendix C Dry Season Environmental Baseline Survey 9-270 Appendix D Wet Season Environmental Baseline Data 9-270 Appendix E Social Questionnaire 9-270 Appendix F HSE Document dredging / reclamation works 9-270 Appendix G Consultation Documents 9-270 Appendix H Coastal Modelling Study 9-270 Appendix I Dredging Erosion Effects Study 9-270 Appendix J 3D Physical Model Study (design tests) 9-270 Appendix K Slope Stability Report – East Mole 9-270 Appendix L Geotechnical Investigations (Sand Search) 9-270 Appendix M Air Quality Information 9-270 Appendix N Additional Socio-economic study 9-270 Appendix O Initial geo-technical monitoring data 9-270 Appendix P HSE document construction works 9-270 Eko Atlantic Shoreline Protection and Reclamation Project Environmental Impact Assessment, October 2012 Proponent South Energyx Nigeria Ltd iv TABLES Table 2.1 Summary of Relevant Regional and International Agreements and Conventions ............................................................................................... 2-20 Table 2.2 Parameters to be assessed ....................................................................... 2-23 Table 2.3 Derivation of significance criteria ............................................................... 2-24 Table 4.1 Borrow area characteristics ....................................................................... 4-38 Table 4.2 Pearl River Specifications (Dredging International, 2010), as example of type of vessel used for the Project .................................................................... 4-40 Table 4.3 Materials and quantities required for Eko Atlantic sea defence ................ 4-43 Table 5.1 Total number of samples from the offshore environment. ......................... 5-54 Table 5.2 Total number of samples from the Lagos Lagoon system. ....................... 5-54 Table 5.3 Summary of Laboratory analytical methods used for Water / Sediment Analysis ...................................................................................................... 5-55 Table 5.4 Register of consultations for Eko Atlantic Phase I EIA ................................. 62 Table 5.5 Public Forum - Summary of Comments, Concerns, Responses and related sections within EIA document. ................................................................... 5-67 Table 5.6 International Air Quality Standards (µg.m3) ............................................... 5-70 Table 5.7 WHO guidelines for ambient noise levels in residential areas ................. 5-72 Table 5.8 Example construction noise threshold levels from BS 5228 ..................... 5-72 Table 5.9 Criteria for assessment of construction noise ............................................ 5-73 Table 5.10 Erosion along the Nigerian Coastline (Oyegun, 1990) .............................. 5-79 Table 5.11 Estimated erosion pattern for the Lagos area, Okude and Ademiluyi (2006) .................................................................................................................. .5-79 Table 5.12 Erosion control measures applied from 1958 to 2003 to Bar Beach ......... 5-81 Table 5.13 Characteristic tidal water levels at Lagos from Nigerian Navy Tide Tables ...............................................................................................................….5-90 Table 5.14 Relevant National and International Water Quality Standards (mg/l unless stated otherwise) ....................................................................................... 5-94 Table 5.15 Physical-Chemical Characteristics of Marine Waters of the Eko Atlantic Study Area, March 2010. ........................................................................... 5-97 Table 5.16 Chemical Characteristics of Marine Waters of the Eko Atlantic Study Area ..............................................................................................................…5-100 Table 5.17 Petroleum Hydrocarbon in Marine Waters .............................................. 5-102 Table 5.18 Heavy Metal Content in Marine Waters (µg/l) ......................................... 5-102 Table 5.19 Concentration of PCB Congeners in Sampled Marine Waters ................ 5-103 Table 5.20 Microbial Population in Marine Waters .................................................... 5-103 Table 5.21 Guidelines and standards used to assess estuarine water quality for ecological health, for contact recreation and for shellfish-gathering (New Zealand Regional Council, 2010). ........................................................... 5-104 Table 5.22 In-situ Measurements for Lagos Lagoon and Kuramo Waters ................ 5-106 Table 5.23 Physical-chemical characteristics of Lagos Lagoon and Kuramo Waters from laboratory measurements ........................................................................ 5-106 Table 5.24 Chemical Characteristics of Water Samples from Lagoon and Kuramo Waters ...................................................................................................... 5-109 Table 5.25 Exchangeable Cations in Lagoon and Kuramo Waters ........................... 5-112 Table 5.26 Petroleum Hydrocarbon Content in the Lagoon Waters .......................... 5-112 Table 5.27 Heavy Metal Content in the Water Samples in Lagos Lagoon and Kuramo Waters ...................................................................................................... 5-113 Eko Atlantic Shoreline Protection and Reclamation Project Environmental Impact Assessment, October 2012 Proponent South Energyx Nigeria Ltd v Table 5.28 Concentration of PCB Congeners in Lagoon Waters .............................. 5-113 Table 5.29 Microbial Population in Lagoon and Kuramo Waters .............................. 5-114 Table 5.30 Relevant International Sediment Quality Standards ................................ 5-115 Table 5.31 Summary of Physical Sediment Characteristics Marine Area