Metro Cityring – Assistens Kirkegård KBM 3830, Excavation Report KØBENHAVNS MUSEUM MUSEUM OF COPENHAGEN / ARCHAEOLOGICAL REPORT Assistens Kirkegård Nørrebros Runddel, Metro Cityring Project KBM 3830, Nørrebro, Trinitatis Sogn Sokkelund Herred, Københavns Amt Kulturstyrelsen j.nr.: 2010-7.24.02/KBM-0015 Sian Anthony, Jens Winther Johannsen, Marie Louise S. Jørkov & Samuel Keenan. Museum of Copenhagen 2016 Metro Cityring – Assistens Kirkegård KBM 3830, Excavation Report Københavns Museum Vesterbrogade 59 1620 København V Telefon: +45 33 21 07 72 Fax: +45 33 25 07 72 E-mail: [email protected] www.copenhagen.dk © Museum of Copenhagen 2016 Front cover: Excavation in Area 4 looking north to Nørrebros Runddel; Archaeologists at work in April 2010; Elaborated coffin (G799); Elaborated coffin and skeleton with many personal gifts (G518). Forside: Udgravning i område 4 set fra syd med Nørrebros Runddel i baggrunden; Arkæologer igang med udgravningsarbejde, April 2010; udsnit af rigt forsiret kiste (G799); skelet og gravgaver i rigt forsigt kiste (G518) Museum of Copenhagen 2016 Metro Cityring – Assistens Kirkegård KBM 3830, Excavation Report Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Resumé ......................................................................................................................................... 6 1 Introduction and administrative data ............................................................................................ 8 Metro Project and Københavns Museum .......................................................................................... 8 Site location .................................................................................................................................. 8 Scope of the project ....................................................................................................................... 8 Project staff ................................................................................................................................. 10 Consultants and contractors .......................................................................................................... 11 Organisation of the report ............................................................................................................. 11 Administrative data ...................................................................................................................... 12 2 Cultural historical background and topography ............................................................................ 13 The site before the cemetery ......................................................................................................... 13 Establishment and development of the cemetery ............................................................................ 13 Organisation of the cemetery according to historic sources .............................................................. 23 The gravediggers .......................................................................................................................... 24 Trinitatis parish, Copenhagen ........................................................................................................ 24 Comparable investigations from Denmark ...................................................................................... 25 Comparable material from international investigations .................................................................... 29 Topography ................................................................................................................................. 31 3 Archaeological background ........................................................................................................ 32 4 Cultural historical potential and aims .......................................................................................... 33 Overall project objectives and themes ............................................................................................ 33 Prehistoric/pre-cemetery activity ................................................................................................... 33 Urbanisation in the 19th-20th centuries ............................................................................................ 34 Economic and demographic cycles ................................................................................................. 34 Urban life and culture ................................................................................................................... 35 5 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 38 Site facilities ................................................................................................................................ 38 Principle documents ..................................................................................................................... 39 Excavation methodology ............................................................................................................... 39 Field procedures .......................................................................................................................... 42 Documentation methodology ........................................................................................................ 44 Finds registration ......................................................................................................................... 50 Osteology .................................................................................................................................... 51 Sampling methodology ................................................................................................................. 59 Reburial procedures ..................................................................................................................... 60 Archive material ........................................................................................................................... 61 Museum of Copenhagen 2016 Metro Cityring – Assistens Kirkegård KBM 3830, Excavation Report 6 Results ..................................................................................................................................... 62 The prehistoric remains ................................................................................................................ 62 The cemetery .............................................................................................................................. 63 Finds .......................................................................................................................................... 82 Osteological results .................................................................................................................... 123 Scientific analysis/environment ................................................................................................... 172 7 Cultural historical interpretation ............................................................................................... 174 Prehistoric settlement ................................................................................................................ 174 The cemetery ............................................................................................................................ 178 Osteological interpretation.......................................................................................................... 242 The people and society ............................................................................................................... 256 8 Project Assessment and Research Potential ............................................................................... 277 Project logistics .......................................................................................................................... 277 Project methodology .................................................................................................................. 278 Preservation conditions .............................................................................................................. 281 Finds material ............................................................................................................................ 282 Sample analysis .......................................................................................................................... 283 Cultural historical assessment ...................................................................................................... 283 The potential for future research ................................................................................................. 285 9 References ............................................................................................................................. 289 Literature .................................................................................................................................. 289 Archaeological reports and archive material .................................................................................. 295 Museum of Copenhagen strategy documents ................................................................................ 295 Internet references