The definitive visual history of the automobile CAR CARTHE DEFINITIVE VISUAL HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE LONDON, NEW YORK, MELBOURNE, MUNICH, AND DELHI DORLING KINDERSLEY Contents Senior Project Editor Kathryn Hennessy Senior Art Editor Helen Spencer Editors Steve Setford, Andrew Szudek, Manisha Majithia, Scarlett O’Hara US Editor Beth Landis Hester FIRST AUTOMOBILES UP TO 1920 Designers Mark Lloyd, Anna Hall, Amy Orsborne, The concept of personal transportation with its own mobile power Paul Drislane, Richard Horsford, Philip Fitzgerald source took off with Karl Benz’s motorwagen in 1885. Within Photographers James Mann Gary Ombler, Paul Self, Deepak Aggarwal a generation, the car had arrived and could take you anywhere. Picture Researchers Ria Jones, Julia Harris-Voss, When Henry Ford brought his “Tin Lizzie” to the masses in 1908, Jenny Faithfull, Nic Dean, Myriam Mégharbi America’s automobile industry had come of age. DK Picture Library Claire Bowers, Emma Shepherd, Laura Evans Jacket Designer Mark Cavanagh Pioneer Vehicles 10 Production Editors Ben Marcus, Jamie McNeill Production Controller Linda Dare First Cars for Customers 12 Managing Editor Camilla Hallinan Great marques: The Mercedes story 14 Managing Art Editor Karen Self Early Production-Line Cars 16 Art Director Phil Ormerod Ford Model T 18 Associate Publisher Liz Wheeler Reference Publisher Jonathan Metcalf Ford Model T straight-four 22 Driving through Paris, 1908 24 DK INDIA Birth of the Competition Car 26 Editorial Manager Rohan Sinha Great marques: The Cadillac story 28 Senior Editor Ankush Saikia Editor Sreshtha Bhattacharya Luxury and Power 30 Assistant Editor Megha Gupta Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost 32 Design Manager Arunesh Talapatra Senior Designers Tannishtha Chakraborty, Sudakshina Basu Designers Shomik Chakraborty, Devan Das, Arijit Ganguly, Niyati Gosain, Payal Rosalind Malik, Nidhi Mehra, Anjana Nair, S Pallavi Narain, Neha Sharma, Shruti Singh Soharia THE 1920 Production Manager Pankaj Sharma This was a golden age for the car industry. The ritziest DTP Manager Balwant Singh automobiles became status symbols for Hollywood stars, Senior DTP Designers Dheeraj Arora, Jagtar Singh while smaller cars brought reliable, affordable driving to DTP Designers Nand Kishor Acharya, Neeraj Bhatia, Jaypal Singh Chauhan, the public for the very first time. Meanwhile, sports cars Arjinder Singh, Bimlesh Tiwary, Mohd. Usman, Tanveer Abbas Zaidi turned driving into an exhilarating pursuit, on roads and Editor-in-chief Giles Chapman race tracks alike. Contributors Charles Armstrong-Wilson, Richard Heseltine, Keith Howard, Phil Hunt, Malcolm McKay, Andrew Noakes, Jon Presnell Competition Cars 38 Bugatti Type 35B 40 First American Edition, 2011 Published in the United States by Cadillac Cadillac V16 44 DK Publishing, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 Luxury and Prestige 46 11 12 13 14 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 001—176758—05/11 Lancia Lambda, 1922 48 Copyright © 2011 Dorling Kindersley Limited All rights reserved Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. ISBN: 978-0-7566-7167-9 DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact: DK Publishing Special Markets, 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014 or [email protected]. Printed and bound in China by Leo Paper Products Discover more at www.dk.com Hollywood Coupés and Glorious Roadsters 50 THE 1940S Duesenberg Model J 52 World War II brought car production to a halt, but when Cars for the Middle Classes 56 peacetime returned and factories were rebuilt, the legacy of Great marques: The Rolls-Royce story 58 military technologies resulted in an explosion of excellent new Small Cars 60 engines, practical, no-frills pickups, and economical small cars Great marques: The Renault story 62 that sold in the thousands. Sports Cars 64 Alfa Romeo 6C 1750 66 Large Cars 106 Chrysler, 1929 70 U.S. Style-Setters 108 Jeep, 1942 110 Practical Everyday Transportation 112 THE 1930S Ford F-Series 114 Roadsters and Sports Cars 118 In the shadow of the Great Depression, thrifty models and Jaguar XK straight-six 120 the advent of the “people’s car” made motoring ever more egalitarian. Streamlining and teardrops were all the rage, Great marques: The Jaguar story 122 newspapers hailed the superheroes who smashed speed Small Cars 124 records, and sports and luxury cars reached new peaks Volkswagen Beetle 126 of power and style. Great marques: The Citroën story 130 Mid-Range Family Sedans 132 Economy Models of the Post-Depression Era 74 Racing Cars and Single-Seaters 76 Great marques: The Chevrolet story 78 THE 1950S Luxury Cars 80 In the post-war boom U.S. carmakers highlighted speed, luxury, Rytecraft Scoota-car, c.1937 82 and power by harnessing aerospace lines and chrome-plated Sports Cars 84 decoration, with breathtaking (and sometimes absurd) results. In Mass-Market Models 86 Europe fabulous sports cars and racing machines stirred the Volkswagen flat-four 88 soul, and bubble cars bounced on to city streets. Sunbeam Silver Bullet, Daytona Beach, 1930 90 Streamlined Cars 92 Economy Cars 136 Lincoln-Zephyr 94 De Soto, mid-1950s 138 Magnificent and Exotic Body Styles 98 Detroit Fins and Chrome 140 Great marques: The BMW story 100 Opulence and High Performance 142 Powerful Sports Tourers 102 Great marques: The Ford story 144 Racing Cars 146 THE 1970S Sports Cars 148 If the 60s was the car party, the 70s was its morning after, with Chevrolet Corvette 150 the fuel crisis and the first inklings that soaring car use required Chevrolet small-block V8 154 tighter controls. But cars also became better to drive: Mid- Bubble Cars and Microcars 156 mounted engines boosted responsiveness, turbochargers added Austin Mini Seven 158 bite, and automatic seatbelts and airbags gave assurance. Fiat Nuova 500, 1957 162 Large Sedans 164 Supercars 210 Family Cars 166 Jaguar E-type 212 Great marques: The Chrysler story 168 Small Cars 216 Convertible Style 170 4x4 and Off-Roaders 218 Citroën DS 172 Great marques: The Alfa Romeo story 220 Sedans 222 Sports Cars 224 THE 1960S NSU Wankel rotary 226 Stylish Coupés 228 This was the age of anything goes. With new engines and body NASA Lunar Roving Vehicle, 1971 230 shapes, and a galaxy of all-time greats, from E-type to Elan, and Mini Cooper to Corvette Sting Ray, it was excitement all the way. Great marques: The Volkswagen story 232 Muscle Cars 234 Family Cars 178 Racing Cars 236 Rear/Mid-Engined Racers 180 Hatchbacks 238 Sports and Executive Sedans 182 Great marques: The Aston Martin story 184 Sedans and Sporty Coupés 186 THE 1980S Lotus/Ford Cosworth DFV V8 188 With the rise of the Japanese car industry, this decade saw three Ultimate Luxury and Limousines 190 car-making continents compete head to head. Cars became safer, BMC Mini, 1968 192 more comfortable, and better equipped with improved electronic Great marques: The Austin story 194 systems. There was still plenty of excitement, too, as designers— Compact Coupés 196 led by the Italians—transformed family cars and supercars. Powerful GT Cars 198 Volkswagen crash-test dummies, c.1968 200 Boosted Performance 242 Sports Cars 202 U.S. Compacts 244 Mercedes-Benz 280SL 204 Toyota, 1980 246 Superminis 248 2000 ONWARD Great marques: The Audi story 250 Crossover cars have blurred traditional genres by combining Ultimate Sports Sedans 252 off-road ability, passenger accommodation, and performance. Pace-Setting Style from Italian Designers 254 Hybrids are helping save fuel and cut emissions, while the DeLorean DMC-12 256 latest supercars make 200mph (322km/h) seem ordinary. What Porsche 911 flat-six 260 next? Enthusiasts are hoping driving will still be the one thing it Lamborghini Countach 262 has always been—fun. Two-Seater Excitement 266 Ferrari F40 268 Famous Marques Reinvented 310 Multi-Purpose Vehicles 272 Crossovers and Off-Roaders 312 Great marques: The Peugeot story 274 Great marques: The Suzuki story 314 Premium Luxury 276 City Cars 316 Tata Nano 318 Toward 200mph 322 THE 1990S Motor Sports Contenders 324 Great marques: The Ferrari story 326 Consumers demanded safety, luxury, performance, and perfect Compact Genius 328 build—and got them all. Excellence in manufacturing was satisfied; now imaginative design could shine. A new epoch in sports cars High-Performance Sports Cars 330 and executive sedans was matched by rapidly evolving and Morgan Aero 8 332 increasingly user-friendly genres such as the SUV and MPV. Lotus Racing T127, Formula 1, 2010 336 Sports Cars 338 Modern Roadsters 280 Off-Road Luxury and Power 340 Mazda MX5 282 Honda Insight gas/electric hybrid 342 Great marques: The Toyota story 286 Cars of the Future 344 Competition Machines 288 Renault Zoom, 1992 290 HOW AN ENGINE WORKS 346 GLOSSARY 348 U.S. Design Reinvigorated 292 INDEX 352 Family-Friendly Cars 294 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 359 Chrysler/Dodge Viper V10 296 Great marques: The Porsche story 298 Car dates: The date given for each catalog entry refers to the year that the model was first released. In some cases the accompanying photograph shows a later edition Executive Sedans 300 of the model, in these cases the year of the later edition is mentioned in the caption. Engines: A single engine size has been given for each catalog entry. For models that Hyper-Performance Cars 302 have a range of engine sizes, the most powerful engine is given for fast cars, and the most common engine for family cars.