Acanthophora spicifera Identification Habitat Coloration varies with exposure to sunlight, Acanthophora spicifera is widely distributed from yellow in shallow waters exposed to throughout tropical and subtropical regions bright light, to green, red or dark brown in in tidal and subtidal zones (Kilar and areas with lower irradiation. The distinctive McLachlan, 1986). solid, cylindrical, spiny branches can grow up to a foot high. It is typically found in shallow reef flats between 1-8 m although has been reported to depths of 22 m in Florida, the Virgin Islands Description and Puerto Rico. In Hawai‘i, A. spicifera can The short main branches are hook-like and be found on all main islands particularly brittle, fragmenting easily in high water motion. in shallow intertidal zones and has been Its large holdfast is irregularly shaped to reported as one of the most abundant attach to hard substrate. Branch morphology rhodopyhtes occurring on reef flats (Jokiel can change under varying conditions. Under and Morrissey, 1986). It can be found on a low have energy conditions, it can reach diversity of substrate types. It is particularly greater heights. Kilar and McLachlan (1986) abundant on hard bottom substrate, attached found that A. spicifera in Panama reached as an epiphyte on other algae or unattached only about one-third the height in heavily as drift algae. wave influenced fore-reefs as those residing in low energy back reef areas. Impact Overgrows and smothers benthic organisms. Mycale grandis Identification History Orange sponge. Sponge identification Mycale grandis is considered a recent requires high quality in situ images and unintentional introduction to the southeastern properly preserved specimens. Hawaiian Archipelago due to its sudden appearance in recent decades. It has begun to compete for space and displace corals on patch reefs in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu. Description The orange keyhole sponge Mycale grandis The diversity of marine sponges provides Gray was first reported in Hawai‘i in 1996. never-ending challenges to taxonomists. Sponges are extremely variable in their Mycale grandis was first observed in morphology, even within a species, and Kane‘ohe Bay in the mid 1990s, and by this makes positive identifications difficult, 2004, was overgrowing and smothering except for highly knowledgeable experts. Porites compressa and Montipora capitata They can be large and colorful or cryptic reef corals on back reef flats and slopes. and small and are a common component of [excerpted from Coles And Bolick, 2007] marine fouling communities. Mycale grandis is bright orange externally and internally with a firm but compressible texture. It has large excurrent openings (osculum) and Habitat numerous incurrent openings (ostia) located The native distribution is northeast Australia all over the body. and the Indo-Malay region. It has rapidly spread throughout the southeastern Hawaiian Archipelago, likely by maritime vessel fouling, Impact where it can readily be found in man-made Overgrows and smothers corals. harbors and natural embayments/lagoons. This species has moved out of these habitats to natural patch reef environments, where it overgrows and smothers corals. Scott Coles and Holly Bolick Scott Godwin Avrainvillea amadelpha University of Hawaii University of Hawaii University of Hawaii For information see Univ of Hawaii datasheet Heather Spaulding Zoobotryon verticillatum Identification Habitat This colonial animal forms transparent to Z. verticillatum is widely distributed in warm white or yellowish bushes comprised of temperate and tropical waters in the western spaghetti or straw-like stalks that can be up Atlantic and the Caribbean. This arborescent to 45 cm long. This bryozoan superficially species is found in harbors and man-made resembles an alga, but is paler than most, habitats throughout the tropical Pacific. and close examination reveals tiny clusters Recorded in the southeastern Hawaiian of animal tentacles along the branches. Archipelago in the 1930’s in Kaneohe [excerpted from elkhornslough.org] Bay, Oahu (Carlton and Eldredge 2000, Unpublished data). It has recently (2008) been documented at Palmyra Atoll in the Description U.S. Line Islands. Bryozoans are colonial and sessile suspension feeders made up of individual Typical habitat for bryozoans include zooids. Each individual zooid in a colony seagrasses, drift algae, oyster reef, dock, has 8 ciliated tentacles that are extended to pilings, breakwaters, and man-made debris. filter phytoplankton from the water column. In the southeastern Hawaiian Archipelgo, Most bryozoans are encrusting but some Z. verticillatum is typically found associated genera, like Zoobotryon, are arborescent or with fouling communities in man-made bushy. Zoobotryon can develop into large harbors, where it readily associates with bushy mats that look like drift algae but are docks, vessel hulls and mangrove habitats. attached to rubble or coral colonies Arborescent bryozoans can be found as epibionts associated with other species that act as support structures: seagrass, Impact mangrove roots, drift algae, bivalve shells Invasive in close proximity to forereef habitat. etc. (Godwin et al. In Prep) Scott Godwin.