University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Departmental Papers (Biology) Department of Biology 2-2015 Detection of Pol IV/RDR2-Dependent Transcripts at the Genomic Scale in Arabidopsis Reveals Features and Regulation of siRNA Biogenesis Shaofang Li University of California, Riverside Lee E. Vandivier University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Bin Tu University of California, Riverside Lei Gao University of California, Riverside So Youn Won University of California, Riverside FSeeollow next this page and for additional additional works authors at: https:/ /repository.upenn.edu/biology_papers Part of the Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Commons, Biology Commons, and the Cell Biology Commons Recommended Citation Li, S., Vandivier, L. E., Tu, B., Gao, L., Won, S. Y., Li, S., Zheng, B., Gregory, B. D., & Chen, X. (2015). Detection of Pol IV/RDR2-Dependent Transcripts at the Genomic Scale in Arabidopsis Reveals Features and Regulation of siRNA Biogenesis. Genome Research, 25 (2), 235-245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/ gr.182238.114 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/biology_papers/39 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Detection of Pol IV/RDR2-Dependent Transcripts at the Genomic Scale in Arabidopsis Reveals Features and Regulation of siRNA Biogenesis Abstract Twenty-four-nucleotide small interfering (si)RNAs are central players in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM), a process that establishes and maintains DNA methylation at transposable elements to ensure genome stability in plants. The plant-specific RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV) is required for siRNA biogenesis and is believed to transcribe RdDM loci to produce primary transcripts that are converted to double- stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) by RDR2 to serve as siRNA precursors. Yet, no such siRNA precursor transcripts have ever been reported. Here, through genome-wide profiling of RNAs in genotypes that compromise the processing of siRNA precursors, we were able to identify Pol IV/RDR2-dependent transcripts from tens of thousands of loci. We show that Pol IV/RDR2-dependent transcripts correspond to both DNA strands, whereas the RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcripts produced upon derepression of the loci are derived primarily from one strand. We also show that Pol IV/RDR2-dependent transcripts have a 5′ monophosphate, lack a poly(A) tail at the 3′ end, and contain no introns; these features distinguish them from Pol II-dependent transcripts. Like Pol II-transcribed genic regions, Pol IV-transcribed regions are flanked by A/T-rich sequences depleted in nucleosomes, which highlights similarities in Pol II- and Pol IV- mediated transcription. Computational analysis of siRNA abundance from various mutants reveals differences in the regulation of siRNA biogenesis at two types of loci that undergo CHH methylation via two different DNA methyltransferases. These findings begin ot reveal features of Pol IV/RDR2-mediated transcription at the heart of genome stability in plants. Disciplines Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins | Biology | Cell Biology Author(s) Shaofang Li, Lee E. Vandivier, Bin Tu, Lei Gao, So Youn Won, Shengben Li, Binglian Zheng, Brian D. Gregory, and Xuemei Chen This technical report is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/biology_papers/39 Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on July 11, 2017 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Research Detection of Pol IV/RDR2-dependent transcripts at the genomic scale in Arabidopsis reveals features and regulation of siRNA biogenesis Shaofang Li,1 Lee E. Vandivier,2 Bin Tu,1 Lei Gao,1 So Youn Won,1 Shengben Li,1 Binglian Zheng,3 Brian D. Gregory,2 and Xuemei Chen1,4 1Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA; 2Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA; 3State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; 4Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA Twenty-four-nucleotide small interfering (si)RNAs are central players in RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM), a process that establishes and maintains DNA methylation at transposable elements to ensure genome stability in plants. The plant-specific RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV) is required for siRNA biogenesis and is believed to transcribe RdDM loci to produce primary transcripts that are converted to double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) by RDR2 to serve as siRNA precursors. Yet, no such siRNA precursor transcripts have ever been reported. Here, through genome-wide profiling of RNAs in genotypes that compromise the processing of siRNA precursors, we were able to identify Pol IV/RDR2-de- pendent transcripts from tens of thousands of loci. We show that Pol IV/RDR2-dependent transcripts correspond to both DNA strands, whereas the RNA polymerase II (Pol II)-dependent transcripts produced upon derepression of the loci are derived primarily from one strand. We also show that Pol IV/RDR2-dependent transcripts have a 59 monophosphate, lack a poly(A) tail at the 39 end, and contain no introns; these features distinguish them from Pol II-dependent transcripts. Like Pol II-transcribed genic regions, Pol IV-transcribed regions are flanked by A/T-rich sequences depleted in nucleosomes, which highlights similarities in Pol II- and Pol IV-mediated transcription. Computational analysis of siRNA abundance from various mutants reveals differences in the regulation of siRNA biogenesis at two types of loci that undergo CHH methylation via two different DNA methyltransferases. These findings begin to reveal features of Pol IV/RDR2-mediated transcription at the heart of genome stability in plants. [Supplemental material is available for this article.] In plants and mammals, DNA methylation influences gene ex- Pol V, produces nascent noncoding transcripts that recruit pression and represses transposable elements (TEs) to ensure ge- siRNA-containing AGO4 to RdDM loci (Wierzbicki et al. 2009) nome stability. DNA methylation occurs at CG, CHG, and CHH (H with the assistance of both the SUVH2/9 proteins (Johnson et al. represents A, C, or G) sequence contexts in plants (Law and 2014) and the DDR complex (composed of DRD1, DMS3, and Jacobsen 2010). In Arabidopsis, the methyltransferases DRM2 and RDM1) (Zhong et al. 2012; Johnson et al. 2014). This association CMT2 establish DNA methylation in all sequence contexts aids the recruitment of DRM2 leading to cytosine methylation and maintain asymmetric CHH methylation (Cao and Jacobsen (Law et al. 2010; Zhong et al. 2014). In the genome, loci that 2002; Zemach et al. 2013). The maintenance of symmetric CG and produce siRNAs are highly correlated with those that harbor CHG methylation is mediated by MET1 and CMT3, respectively CHH methylation (Lister et al. 2008). Loss of siRNAs in mutants (Stroud et al. 2013). of NRPD1, encoding the largest subunit of Pol IV, or RDR2 results In Arabidopsis, RNA-dependent DNA Methylation (RdDM) in decreased CHH methylation at numerous loci, usually those mediated by DRM2 deposits DNA methylation at TEs to cause residing in euchromatic chromosomal arms and requiring DRM2 their transcriptional silencing (Wierzbicki et al. 2008). Twenty- for methylation (Wierzbicki et al. 2012). Another pathway me- four-nucleotide (nt) siRNAs serve as the sequence determinants diated by CMT2 together with DDM1 and histone H1 also that guide DRM2 to RdDM target loci (Mosher et al. 2008). The maintains CHH methylation, but mainly acts at pericentromeric plant-specific RNA polymerase IV (Pol IV) is thought to tran- regions (Zemach et al. 2013; Stroud et al. 2014). Together, DRM2 scribe the RdDM loci to produce single-stranded RNAs (ssRNAs), and CMT2 are responsible for nearly all CHH methylation in the which are converted to double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) by RNA- genome, and the DRM2-targeted and CMT2-targeted sites are dependent RNA polymerase 2 (RDR2) (Xie et al. 2004; Jia et al. nonoverlapping. Although siRNAs are generated at both DRM2- 2009). DICER-LIKE 3 (DCL3) cleaves the dsRNAs to generate 24- targeted and CMT2-targeted sites, siRNAs are not required for the nt siRNAs (Cho et al. 2008; Liu et al. 2009), which associate with maintenance of CHH methylation at CMT2-targeted sites AGO4 (Qi et al. 2006). Another plant-specific RNA polymerase, (Zemach et al. 2013; Stroud et al. 2014). Corresponding author: [email protected] Article published online before print. Article, supplemental material, and pub- Ó 2015 Li et al. This article, published in Genome Research, is available under lication date are at http://www.genome.org/cgi/doi/10.1101/gr.182238.114. a Creative Commons License (Attribution 4.0 International), as described at Freely available online through the Genome Research Open Access option. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. 25:235–245 Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; ISSN 1088-9051/15; www.genome.org Genome Research 235 www.genome.org Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on July 11, 2017 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Li et al. Many factors that participate in siRNA biogenesis are known. The 635 regions shown to produce P4RNAs above only con- Some, such as Pol IV and RDR2, are essential, whereas others, such stituted 1.3% of the 47,442 P4siRNA regions. We found that 98% of as DCL3, CLASSY1, and SHH1, play a more limited role (Henderson the P4siRNA regions had little read coverage in the RNA-seq li- et al. 2006; Smith et al. 2007; Law et al. 2011, 2013). In the absence braries. In dcl234, ;90% of the reads in the RNA-seq libraries were of DCL3, which generates 24-nt siRNAs, DCL2 and DCL4 produce from genic regions, and <5% of the reads were from P4siRNA loci endogenous siRNAs of 22 nt and 21 nt, respectively (Allen et al. (Supplemental Fig. S2B). Enrichment for P4RNAs in the total RNA 2005; Wang et al. 2011). Although Pol IV is purported to produce population was necessary for the discovery of more P4RNAs.