Tofel Haman Katamssadan Institut für ökologische Chemie, Pfl anzenanalytik und Vorratsschutz Insecticidal products from local Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Plectranthus glandulosus Hook for the protection of stored grains against the infestation of Callosobruchus maculatus F. and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky Dissertationen aus dem Julius Kühn-Institut Julius Kühn-Institut Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpfl anzen Kontakt/Contact: Tofel Haman Katamssadan, PhD Entomologist Ass. Lecturer at the Faculty of Science The University of Bamenda P.O Box 39 Bambili. Die Schriftenreihe ,,Dissertationen aus dem Julius Kühn-lnstitut" veröffentlicht Doktorarbeiten, die in enger Zusammenarbeit mit Universitäten an lnstituten des Julius Kühn-lnstituts entstanden sind The publication series „Dissertationen aus dem Julius Kühn-lnstitut" publishes doctoral dissertations originating from research doctorates completed at the Julius Kühn-Institut (JKI) either in close collaboration with universities or as an outstanding independent work in the JKI research fields. Der Vertrieb dieser Monographien erfolgt über den Buchhandel (Nachweis im Verzeichnis lieferbarer Bücher - VLB) und OPEN ACCESS im lnternetangebot www.julius-kuehn.de Bereich Veröffentlichungen. The monographs are distributed through the book trade (listed in German Books in Print - VLB) and OPEN ACCESS through the JKI website www.julius-kuehn.de (see Publications) Wir unterstützen den offenen Zugang zu wissenschaftlichem Wissen. Die Dissertationen aus dem Julius Kühn-lnstitut erscheinen daher OPEN ACCESS. Alle Ausgaben stehen kostenfrei im lnternet zur Verfügung: http:// www.julius-kuehn.de Bereich Veröffentlichungen We advocate open access to scientific knowledge. Dissertations from the Julius Kühn-lnstitut are therefore published open access. All issues are available free of charge under http:// www.julius-kuehn.de (see Publications). Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation In der Deutschen Nationalbibliografie: detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im lnternet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek (German National Library) The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. ISBN 978-3-95547-033-3 DOI 10.5073/dissjki.2016.005 Herausgeber l Editor Julius Kühn-lnstitut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen, Quedlinburg, Deutschland Julius Kühn-lnstitut, Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Quedlinburg, Germany © Julius Kühn-lnstitut, Bundesforschungsinstitut für Kulturpflanzen sowie der genannten Universität, 2016. Das Werk ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Die dadurch begründeten Rechte, insbesondere die der Übersendung, des Nachdrucks, des Vortrages, der Entnahme von Abbildungen, der Funksendung, der Wiedergabe auf fotomechanischem oder ähnlichem Wege und der Speicherung in Datenverarbeitungsanlagen, bleiben, auch bei nur auszugsweiser Verwertung, vorbehalten. UNIVERSITE DE NGAOUNDERE THE UNIVERSITY OF NGAOUNDERE FACULTE DES SCIENCES FACULTY OF SCIENCE DEPARTEMENT DES SCIENCES BIOLOGIQUES DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES Doctoral Training Unit of Biological Sciences Applied Zoology Laboratory Insecticidal products from local Azadirachta indica A. Juss and Plectranthus glandulosus Hook for the protection of stored grains against the infestation of Callosobruchus maculatus F. and Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctorate/PhD Major/Speciality: Biology of Animal Organisms By TOFEL HAMAN Katamssadan M.Sc. in Biology of Animal Organisms Matricule: 04I020FS Jury: President M. AMVAM ZOLLO Paul Henri Professor University of Ngaoundéré Director M. NUKENINE Elias N. Associate Professor Université de Ngaoundéré Rapporteur M. ADLER Cornel Sébastien Principal Res. Officer J.K. Institut Berlin (Germany) Rapporteur M. TCHUENGUEM FOHOUO F.-N. Professor University of Ngaoundéré Rapporteur M. NDJONKA Dieudonné Associate Professor University of Ngaoundéré Examiner M. TAMESSE Joseph Lebel Professor University of Yaoundé I Examiner M. NGAMO TINKEU Leonard S. Associate Professor University of Ngaoundéré Year 2016 i DEDICATION To my parents and siblings whose faithful support and unfailing encouragements guided me to achieve my study. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The study is a fruit of collaboration between the Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants - Julius Kühn-Institut, Institute for Ecochemistry, Plant analysis and Stored Product Protection, Berlin, Germany (Dr. Cornel Adler, Chief/Principal Research Officer / Directeur de Recherche) and the University of Ngaoundere (Professor Elias Nchiwan Nukenine, Associate Professor) with major financial support from the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD). I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Elias N. Nukenine, for exposing his wealth of experience in the subject, as well as for his constant encouragements, advice, guidance, total availability and interest throughout the course of this work. I hereby recognise him not only as a supervisor, but as a father. He always assisted me in all matters related to study and greatly contributed to my personal growth. My sincere gratitude goes also to Dr. Cornel Adler, Head of the Section for Stored Product Protection at Julius Kühn Institut (JKI), Berlin, Germany for his willingness to accept me as his student and son, his guidance, his continuous support and assistance and for providing most of the facilities needed to achieve this study. I am greatly indebted to him for all the time and effort he committed to this work. I learned a lot and am still gaining much knowledge from him since we are still in close contact and pray this relation remains evergreen. My sincere appreciation goes to Dr. Matthias Stähler of the Section for Ecochemistry at JKI for his advice and continuous support especially with the analysis of Azadirachtin A in neem products. I am also deeply indebted to Dr. Detlef Ulrich of JKI Quedlinburg, for his assistance with the analysis of the chemical constituents of Plectranthus glandulosus leaves. My hearty appreciation is in order to Dr. Dieter Felgentreu of JKI Berlin, who determined the fatty acids contents of neem seed oil. I gratefully acknowledge the support of Prof. Dr. Dr. Christian Ulrichs, for accepting me in his research team at the Humboldt University of Berlin. I also acknowledge the support and advice of Dr. Hommel Bernd, Deputy Director of JKI Berlin. I greatly recognise with appreciation the support, assistance and advice of my beloved mate and ‘sister’, Agnès-Flore Ndomo. I have praise for the staff members of JKI Berlin, particularly Dr. Dagmar Klementz, Gabriele Flingelli, Agnes Paul, Silvia Krause, Heidi Anders, Verena Misgaiski, Elke Zeidler, René Grünwald, Maike Grünwald, Katrin Heindorf, Kerstin Jänicke, Christine Reichmann, Manfred Berg, Hans Honninger, Ina Krukenberg, Alain Leprêtre, Silvio Arganese and Viktoria Kappes, who provided technical support and iii assistance to my research work amidst an atmosphere full of fraternity, love and kindness. I would like to thank also all the administrative staff members of JKI Berlin for their all round support during my research stay in Berlin. I would like to convey my deepest gratitude to all the teaching and administrative staff members of the Faculty of Science, University of Ngaoundere, for providing a solid academic and moral background to me, which has been instrumental in the award of a DAAD research grant and my recruitement as assistant lecturer at the University of Bamenda (UBa), Cameroon. I have high esteem and am very thankful to Prof. Charles Tabod, Dean of the Faculty of Science, UBa, who facilitated my paid leave of absence during the period of data collection, away from my workplace. The very existence of my siblings, uncles, aunts is a natural source of strength, encouragements and drive to me, especially during the period of this research work. Memories of the love and solicitude manifested by my Berlin family, particularly Pedro Perla and wife Taline Perla, Dr. Scott Corwin, Natacha Tepass and Vilma Perla will never fade. My thankfulness also goes to those who contributed to this work in one way or the other, especially Joan Ebanga, Dr. Saidou, Dr. Yaoudam Elisabeth, Wini Goudoungou, Tiburce Gangue, Carolina Rodriguez, Sanda Mazi and Claudine Ngomtcho. I am highly indebted to the DAAD for their generous financial support which completely covered the German language course in Berlin and living cost during my entire stay in Germany. Finally, I wish to thank those whose names are not mentioned here, but who contributed in many ways towards the realization of this study. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Title page DEDICATION…………………………………………………………………………….. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………………………… iii TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………………………………………………. v LIST OF FIGURES………………………………………………………………………. xi LIST OF TABLES……….………………………………………………………………... xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS…………………………………………………………….. xvi ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………………. 1 RÉSUMÉ………………………………………………………………………………….. 2 INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………… 3 CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW………….…………………. 7 1.1 Maize and cowpea……………………………………………………………… 7 1.1.1 Origin of maize and cowpea…………………………………………………... 7 1.1.2 Description of maize and cowpea …………………………………………….. 8 1.1.3 Botanical classification