Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) Household Survey to Assess Vulnerabilities to Water Resources and Coastal Erosion and Inundation Lifuka, Ha’apai, Tonga Enumerators at work on Lifuka On the brink: A Lifuka home Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC) Private Mail Bag Peter Sinclair, Amit Singh, Anja Grujovic, Jens Kruger, GPO Suva Zulfikar Begg, Paula Holland, and Brigitte Leduc Fiji Islands Telephone: (679) 338 1377 Fax: (679) 337 0040 Email: [email protected] www.spc.int www.sopac.org Household Survey to Assess Vulnerabilities to Water Resources and Coastal Erosion and Inundation Lifuka, Ha’apai, Tonga SPC SOPAC DIVISION TECHNICAL REPORT Peter Sinclair, Amit Singh, Anja Grujovic, Jens Kruger, Zulfikar Begg, Paula Holland, and Brigitte Leduc Secretariat of the Pacific Community Suva, Fiji March 2013 © Copyright Secretariat of the Pacific Community 2013 All rights for commercial / for profit reproduction or translation, in any form, reserved. SPC authorises the partial reproduction or translation of this material for scientific, educational or research purposes, provided that SPC and the source document are properly acknowledged. Permission to reproduce the document and/ or translate in whole, in any form, whether for commercial / for profit or non-profit purposes, must be requested in writing. Original SPC artwork may not be altered or separately published without permission. Original text: English Secretariat of the Pacific Community Cataloguing-in-publication data Sinclair, Peter Household Survey to Assess Vulnerabilities to Water Resources and Coastal Erosion and Inundation: Lifuka, Ha’apai, Tonga / Peter Sinclair, Amit Singh, Anja Grujovic, Jens Kruger, Zulfikar Begg, Paula Holland, and Brigitte Leduc 1. Water resources development — Oceania. 2. Coastal ecology – Management – Oceania. 3. Coastal zone management – Oceania. 4. Beach erosion – Oceania. 5. Environment – Management – Oceania. I. Sinclair, Peter R. II. Singh, A. III. Grujovic, Anja IV. Kruger, Jens V. Begg, Zulfikar VI. Holland, Paula VII. Leduc, Brigitte VIII. Title IX. Secretariat of the Pacific Community 639.20995 AACR2 ISBN: 978-982-00-0632-4 DISCLAIMER While care has been taken in the collection, analysis, and compilation of the data, they are supplied on the condition that the Secretariat of Pacific Community shall not be liable for any loss or injury whatsoever arising from the use of the data. Secretariat of the Pacific Community Applied Geoscience and Technology Division (SOPAC) Private Mail Bag GPO Suva Fiji Islands Telephone: (679) 338 1377 Fax: (679) 337 0040 Email: [email protected] www.spc.int www.sopac.org This report has been produced with the financial assistance from the Government of Australia’s Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency Design and layout: Muriel Borderie -SPC Publications section ii Contents LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ..................................................................................................................... v ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS .................................................................................................................viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ....................................................................................................................................ix 1. BACKGROUND .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 PASAP project .............................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 National context ......................................................................................................................... 2 1.3 Ha‘apai group .............................................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Coastal erosion on Lifuka ........................................................................................................... 5 1.5 Lifuka component of the PASAP project .................................................................................... 6 2. OBJECTIVES OF THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ........................................................................................... 8 3. METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................ 9 3.1 Census data sets.......................................................................................................................... 9 3.2 Survey forms and questionnaire design .................................................................................. 11 4. SURVEY IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................................................................... 12 4.1 Training ...................................................................................................................................... 12 4.2 Field ........................................................................................................................................... 13 4.3 Issues and difficulties ............................................................................................................... 14 4.4 Sample size ................................................................................................................................ 15 5. HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE – WATER RESOURCES ASSESSMENT ................................................. 16 5.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................... 16 5.2 Frequency of water shortage for primary drinking-water sources ......................................... 18 5.3 Water use ................................................................................................................................... 20 5.4 Water quality ............................................................................................................................. 25 5.5 Community views on improving water quality and quantity of supply ................................. 28 6. HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE – COASTAL INUNDATION AND EROSION ............................................ 30 6.1 Purpose ...................................................................................................................................... 30 6.2 Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 30 6.3 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 32 6.3.1 Coastal erosion .......................................................................................................................... 32 6.3.2 Overview of coastal inundation on Lifuka ............................................................................... 37 6.3.3 Material damages due to TC Rene (2010) ................................................................................. 43 6.3.4 Effects of TC Rene on water supply .......................................................................................... 44 6.3.5 Health impacts and lost days of work due to TC Rene ............................................................ 45 6.3.6 Community perspectives on sea-level rise .............................................................................. 46 6.4 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 47 iii 7. HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE: AGGREGATE MINING .......................................................................... 48 7.1 Purpose ...................................................................................................................................... 48 7.2 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 48 7.2.1 Extent of mining ......................................................................................................................... 48 7.2.2 Frequency of mining .................................................................................................................. 50 7.2.3 Estimated volume of aggregate mined for the interviewed sample ...................................... 50 7.2.4 Total volume of aggregate mined on Lifuka............................................................................. 51 7.2.5 Use of aggregates by households ............................................................................................. 53 7.3 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 53 8. HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE – SOCIAL INDICATORS ........................................................................ 54 8.1 Purpose ...................................................................................................................................... 54 8.2 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 54 9. PHYSICAL SURVEY OF GROUNDWATER AND RAINWATER INFRASTRUCTURE .................................... 56 9.1 Purpose .....................................................................................................................................