Consciousness Studies Edition 2.0 A Wikibook http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Consciousness_studies 1 Table of Contents Authors........................................................................................................................................5 Introduction.................................................................................................................................6 A note on Naive Realism........................................................................................................7 Other uses of the term "Consciousness".................................................................................8 Intended audience and how to read this book........................................................................ 9 Part I: Historical Review...........................................................................................................10 Early Ideas.................................................................................................................................10 Aristotle. (c.350 BC). On the Soul....................................................................................... 10 Homer,(c.800-900 BC)The Iliad and Odyssey.....................................................................12 Plato (427-347BC)............................................................................................................... 13 Siddhartha Gautama c.500BC Buddhist Texts.....................................................................15 Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century Philosophy..................................................................... 18 Rene Descartes (1596-1650)................................................................................................ 18 Dubitability......................................................................................................................18 The description of thoughts and mind............................................................................. 19 Anatomical and physiological ideas................................................................................ 22 John Locke (1632-1704)...................................................................................................... 24 David Hume (1711-1776).................................................................................................... 27 Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)................................................................................................29 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716).............................................................................. 32 George Berkeley (1685 - 1753)............................................................................................34 Thomas Reid (1710-1796)....................................................................................................38 References............................................................................................................................ 39 Nineteenth and twentieth century philosophy of consciousness...............................................41 ER Clay................................................................................................................................ 41 Alfred North Whitehead.......................................................................................................41 Edmund Husserl................................................................................................................... 43 Daniel Clement Dennett (1942 -)......................................................................................... 45 Ned Block (1942- )...............................................................................................................49 Two types of consciousness............................................................................................ 49 Reaction...................................................................................................................... 50 Forms of phenomenal consciousness that are open to introspection...............................51 Reactions.....................................................................................................................52 References....................................................................................................................... 53 Francis Crick (1916 - 2004)................................................................................................. 53 David J Chalmers................................................................................................................. 55 Review of "The Conscious Mind: In Search of a Fundamental Theory". Oxford University Press. 1996.....................................................................................................55 Thomas Nagel.......................................................................................................................58 Part II: The problem of consciousness......................................................................................59 The definition and description of consciousness..................................................................59 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 59 Space and Time............................................................................................................... 59 Qualia...............................................................................................................................60 Awareness........................................................................................................................60 Types of Consciousness...................................................................................................61 Observations and Denials................................................................................................ 61 2 The viewing point and the observer................................................................................ 62 Early materialism and the nature of what must be explained..........................................65 References....................................................................................................................... 65 The conflict - supervenience and the location of the contents of consciousness......................67 The problem of regression....................................................................................................68 The Subject-Object paradox.................................................................................................70 The homunculus argument in philosophy of mind...............................................................71 The ontological status of regression, recursion and the subject-object paradox.................. 72 References............................................................................................................................ 74 Phenomenal consciousness and access consciousness.........................................................76 Direct Realism......................................................................................................................81 Indirect Realism................................................................................................................... 89 Intentionality and representation..................................................................................... 91 Cartesian materialism...................................................................................................... 91 Identity theories of mind..................................................................................................92 Dualism................................................................................................................................ 92 Cartesian dualism............................................................................................................ 92 Property dualism..............................................................................................................93 Predicate dualism.............................................................................................................95 The interaction between mind and brain in dualism........................................................95 Interactionism............................................................................................................. 95 Epiphenomalism......................................................................................................... 95 Parallelism...................................................................................................................96 Occasionalism.............................................................................................................96 Further reading............................................................................................................96 Idealism................................................................................................................................ 96 Panpsychism.........................................................................................................................96 References............................................................................................................................ 97 The philosophical problem......................................................................................................100