The Use of Revelation Books and in Preparing the Revelations for Publication Although Revelation Books 1 and 2 appear to have been used initially as the record copies of revelations, they soon served as copy texts from which to set type for publication. Th e books contain clear signs of use by printers in Independence, Missouri, and Kirtland, Ohio, to prepare the revela- tions for publication in Th e Evening and the Morning Star, the Book of Commandments, and the 1835 Doctrine and Covenants. Examining the manuscript books page by page sheds light on the changes made in individual items, but examining all the items together reveals patterns that suggest how these items were prepared for publication. In lieu of an index, the following three tables present relevant information about the relation- ship between Revelation Books 1 and 2 and the aforementioned publications. Th e tables allow com- parison of the manuscript books with these early publications and identify important editorial marks made in preparation for each publication. Because nineteenth-century printing standards called for a clean copy to be made from a corrected manuscript before typesetting took place, the presence of editing marks on either manuscript book does not conclusively indicate that the marked pages were used as copy for the actual typesetting.1 However, the editing marks clearly indicate that these pages were used at some point to prepare the items for publication. A comprehensive index of the revelations’ content and historical context will be available in the Documents series of Th e Joseph Smith Papers. Table 1: Relationship between Items in Revelation Book 1 and Th e Evening and the Morning Star Printing of the revelations began in June 1832 in the church’s fi rst newspaper, Th e Evening and the Morning Star. Two months earlier, a committee overseeing the publication of the revelations appointed William W. Phelps, Oliver Cowdery, and John Whitmer to review the revelations and “select for printing such as shall be deemed by them proper, as dictated by the Spirit & make all necessary verbal corrections.” 2 Nineteen of the twenty-two items in Revelation Book 1 that were published in Th e Evening and the Morning Star contain editing marks that are fi rst refl ected in that publication. All the items published in the newspaper also appear in Revelation Book 1, with the exception of a portion of one revelation.3 Five revelations are marked with double slashes that likely identify portions of the text that were to be published. Five items have inked or etched marks that correspond to line breaks in the newspaper.4 Th ese are referred to in the table as “end-of-line marks,” and they likely indicate that the manuscript page itself, rather than a clean copy, was used to typeset the page. Th e items in table 1 are listed in order of publication in Th e Evening and the Morning Star, allow- ing analysis of how Revelation Book 1 was used to prepare items for publication therein. For example, certain editing marks, such as end-of-line marks, appear more often in items that were printed in the . Th is accepted standard was captured by De Vinne, Th e Printers’ Price List, 402, as excerpted in Rummonds, Nineteenth-Century Printing Practices, 2:822–823. Minute Book 2, 30 Apr. 1832; see also p. xxvi herein. Th e October 1832 issue of Th e Evening and the Morning Star contains the portion of Revelation, 23 Feb. 1831 [D&C 42:78–93, 74–77] that would become verses 78–93, which is not found in Revelation Book 1. Marks etched into manuscript pages were likely made with a bodkin or a printer’s awl. newspaper’s earlier issues. Four revelations in Revelation Book 1, printed toward the end of the Star’s publication in Missouri, contain no redactions made for that publication. Th e absence of such marks in these revelations suggests that other sources may have been used for later printing. Th e fi rst column lists the issue in which each item was published as a separate document (in either complete or extracted form) in Th e Evening and the Morning Star, not any issue in which the item may simply have been quoted in editorial matter. 5 Where more than one item was published within the same issue of the Star, the items are listed in the order they appeared therein. Th e second column provides the standard date for each item (see page 690 herein for more information) and a bracketed “D&C” reference to the section number in which the item appears in the 1981 Latter-day Saint edition of the Doctrine and Covenants. Th e third column indicates the manuscript page numbers of the entire item in Revelation Book 1, and the fourth column notes editing marks in Revelation Book 1 that likely relate to publication in Th e Evening and the Morning Star. For more information about the meaning of such marks, please see the pages where they appear within the present volume—especially the sidenotes, where the marks are explained in detail. “Standard revisions” signifi es that an item was revised by one or more of the following methods: adding punctuation; noting capitalization; changing spelling; revising grammar; or inserting, deleting, or substituting words or phrases. If this column is empty, no edit- ing marks appear in Revelation Book 1 that likely relate to publication in the Star. Key to column titles Star: Th e Evening and the Morning Star Date: Date of item, followed by section number in Doctrine and Covenants, 1981 edition, Th e Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints RB1: Revelation Book 1 Editing Marks: Editing marks in Revelation Book 1 that likely relate to publication in Th e Evening and the Morning Star STAR DATE RB EDITING MARKS June 1832 10 Apr. 1830 [D&C 20] – standard revisions; end-of-line mark June 1832 16 Apr. 1830 [D&C 22] standard revisions; brackets June 1832 ca. 7 Mar. 1831 [D&C 45] – standard revisions; end-of-line mark; double slashes July 1832 9 and 23 Feb. 1831 [D&C 42]6 – standard revisions; end-of-line marks July 1832 7 Aug. 1831 [D&C 59] – standard revisions July 1832 16 Feb. 1832 [D&C 76] [a]– standard revisions; end-of-line marks Aug. 1832 ca. 8 Mar. 1831–A [D&C 46] – standard revisions; double slashes Aug. 1832 9 May 1831 [D&C 50] – standard revisions; double slashes Sept. 1832 Sept. 1830–A [D&C 29] – standard revisions Sept. 1832 30 Oct. 1831 [D&C 65] standard revisions; double slashes Oct. 1832 23 Feb. 1831 [D&C 42:78–93] . Th e revelations herein that were printed in extracted form are Revelation, 9 and 23 Feb. 1831, pp. 95–107 [D&C 42:11–72, 78–93, 74–77]; Revelation, Feb. 1831–A, pp. 109–113 [D&C 43:15–35]; Revelation, ca. 7 Mar. 1831, pp. 115–125 [D&C 45:1–67, 71]; Revelation, 30 Aug. 1831, pp. 181–189 [D&C 63:1–64]; Revelation, 27 and 28 Dec. 1832, pp. 307–309 [D&C 88:117–126]; and Revelation, 3 Jan. 1833, pp. 309–311 [D&C 88:127–137]. Excerpts from these two revelations were combined and printed together in this issue of the Th e Evening and the Morning Star. Th e portion of Revelation, 23 Feb. 1831 [D&C 42:78–93, 74–77] that would become verses 74–77 is found on a slip of paper attached to manuscript page 67. STAR DATE RB EDITING MARKS Oct. 1832 Feb. 1831–A [D&C 43] – standard revisions; double slashes Oct. 1832 1 Nov. 1831–A [D&C 68] – standard revisions Nov. 1832 7 May 1831 [D&C 49] – standard revisions Dec. 1832 12 Aug. 1831 [D&C 61] – standard revisions Dec. 1832 4 Dec. 1831 [D&C 72] –[a] standard revisions; brackets Jan. 1833 2 Jan. 1831 [D&C 38] – standard revisions Jan. 1833 30 Apr. 1832 [D&C 83] Feb. 1833 27 and 28 Dec. 1832 – [D&C 88:1–126] Feb. 1833 30 Aug. 1831 [D&C 63] – standard revisions; end-of-line mark Mar. 1833 ca. Aug. 1830 [D&C 27] – standard revisions Mar. 1833 1 Nov. 1831–B [D&C 1] – Mar. 1833 3 Jan. 1833 [D&C 88:127–141] – May 1833 3 Nov. 1831 [D&C 133] – standard revisions; brackets8 June 1833 10 Apr. 1830 [D&C 20]9 – standard revisions Table 2: Relationship between Items in Revelation Book 1 and the Book of Commandments Most revelations recorded in Revelation Book 1 before mid-September 1831 were published in the Book of Commandments.10 At least nine additional revelations in the manuscript book were likely intended for inclusion in the Book of Commandments, but they were not printed because destruction of the printing offi ce in July 1833 interrupted publication eff orts. Th ese nine revelations contain verse numbers and other editorial additions that appear to have been inserted in preparation for publication. Of the items that appear in both the Book of Commandments and the extant por- tions of Revelation Book 1, all but fi ve contain redactions to the manuscript text.11 Th e Book of Commandments comprises fi ve printed signatures, or gatherings, three of which are identifi ed in Revelation Book 1 with an editing mark called a “take mark,” which brackets the last word or words on the manuscript page that correspond to the last page of the printed gathering.12 Six items in Revelation Book 1 bear notations indicating they should not be printed.13 None of these items were printed in Th e Evening and the Morning Star and only one was printed in the Book of .