Mr Julian Cole Investigation into the restraint and arrest of Mr Julian Cole by Bedfordshire Police on 6 May 2013 Independent Investigation Final Report IPCC Reference: 2013/007452 Please note, this investigation was completed and submitted to the decision maker before 8 January 2018, while we were still the IPCC. Therefore, the report will contain the investigator’s opinion, which may differ from the final outcome. The report refers to the IPCC and the Commission throughout, and does not reflect the new structure of the IOPC. Contents Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 5 Terms of reference ............................................................................................................ 5 Subjects to the investigation .............................................................................................. 6 Chronological summary of events ..................................................................................... 7 The events prior to Mr Cole's ejection from the nightclub ............................................. 8 Mr Cole’s ejection from the nightclub .......................................................................... 10 The initial events after Mr Cole’s ejection from the nightclub ...................................... 12 The initial police attendance at the nightclub .............................................................. 20 Mr Cole’s temporary removal from the nightclub ......................................................... 23 Mr Cole’s return to the nightclub ................................................................................. 27 The restraint and arrest of Mr Cole ............................................................................. 34 The initial physical contact with Mr Cole ..................................................................... 34 The first indicated period on the ground ...................................................................... 41 The second indicated period on the ground ................................................................ 47 Mr Cole’s removal from the ground ............................................................................. 56 Mr Cole's passage to the police van ........................................................................... 58 The events at the rear of the police van ...................................................................... 62 Mr Cole’s passage into the cell of the police van ........................................................ 71 Mr Cole's transport to Greyfriars police station ........................................................... 75 Mr Cole’s arrival at Greyfriars police station and removal from the police van ............ 77 The request for an ambulance .................................................................................... 82 The arrival of paramedics ............................................................................................ 82 The application of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to Mr Cole ........................... 85 Mr Cole’s removal to Bedford Southwing Hospital by ambulance ............................... 89 Chronological summary of post-incident events .............................................................. 90 Expert opinion ............................................................................................................... 105 First medical expert opinion ...................................................................................... 105 Second medical expert opinion ................................................................................. 109 Toxicology report ...................................................................................................... 114 Legislation ..................................................................................................................... 116 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) ....................................................... 116 Criminal Law Act 1967 .............................................................................................. 116 Public Order Act 1986 ............................................................................................... 116 Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006 ............................................................................ 117 Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 ................................................................... 117 Police (Conduct) Regulations 2012 ........................................................................... 117 National guidance ......................................................................................................... 118 ACPO Authorised Professional Practice: Detention and Custody ............................. 118 ACPO Guidance on Personal Safety Training .......................................................... 120 NPIA Personal Safety Training Programme version 1.0 ........................................... 121 Module 5: Refresher/Development Training Learning Descriptor ............................. 122 ACPO Personal Safety Manual of Guidance ............................................................. 122 NPIA First Aid Learning Programme version 1.0 ...................................................... 125 National Policing Curriculum: First Aid Skills Police .................................................. 127 National Policing Curriculum: First Aid at Work Police .............................................. 128 Julian Cole – Final report for publication (redacted) Page 2 FALP Modules 2 and 4 First Aid Refresher Training ................................................. 130 Bedfordshire Police training .......................................................................................... 130 Personal Safety Training ........................................................................................... 130 Subject officer Personal Safety Training histories ..................................................... 131 First Aid Training ....................................................................................................... 131 Subject officers first-aid training histories .................................................................. 132 Subject officers’ comments regarding policies, procedures and training ................... 134 Legislation and guidance relating to post-incident events ............................................. 136 Police Reform Act 2002 ............................................................................................ 136 IPCC Statutory Guidance .......................................................................................... 136 ACPO Authorised Professional Practice: Detention and Custody ............................. 137 Authorised Professional Practice on Armed Policing ................................................ 140 Bedfordshire Police post-incident investigation policy ............................................... 141 Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 141 Chronology of events .................................................................................................... 142 The events prior to Mr Cole’s ejection from the nightclub ......................................... 142 Mr Cole’s ejection from the nightclub ........................................................................ 142 The initial events after Mr Cole’s ejection from the nightclub .................................... 143 The initial police attendance at the nightclub ............................................................ 145 Mr Cole’s temporary removal from the nightclub ....................................................... 146 Mr Cole’s return to the nightclub ............................................................................... 148 The restraint and arrest of Mr Cole ........................................................................... 152 The initial physical contact with Mr Cole ................................................................... 153 The first occasion Mr Cole went to the ground .......................................................... 155 The first period of restraint on the ground ................................................................. 159 Mr Cole’s return to his feet ........................................................................................ 166 The second occasion Mr Cole went to the ground .................................................... 168 The second period of restraint on the ground ........................................................... 169 Mr Cole lifted from the ground ................................................................................... 177 Mr Cole’s passage to the police van ......................................................................... 184 The events at the rear of the police van .................................................................... 187 Mr Cole’s passage into the cell of the police van ...................................................... 198 Mr Cole’s transport to Greyfriars police station ......................................................... 201 Mr Cole’s arrival at Greyfriars police station and removal from the police van .......... 203 The request for an ambulance .................................................................................