Mauro Vaiani - Disintegration as Hope - (PhD public defense on 12 July 2013) Disintegration as Hope An Insight into the Scaling Down of States in the Post-Cold War World (Mauro Vaiani, PhD Candidate in Geopolitics, University of Pisa) Supervision: Umberto Gori (Professor Emeritus and President of the University Center of Strategic and International Studies, University of Florence) Tobias Theiler (School of Politics and International Relations, University College Dublin, Ireland) R. Brian Ferguson (Department of Sociology and Anthropology and Division of Global Affairs, Rutgers – The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA) Director of the PhD program: Maurizio Vernassa (Department of Political Sciences, University of Pisa) Settore scientifico disciplinare (Scientific Field) SPS/04 SCIENZA POLITICA (Political Science) Pisa - Dublin - Newark - Fiesole - Florence, 24 June 2013 PhD public defense on 12 July 2013 1 / 272 Mauro Vaiani - Disintegration as Hope - (PhD candidate in Geopolitics – University of Pisa) ummid pe dunya khayam hai The world stands on hope (A Hindi-Urdu Adage) 2 / 272 Mauro Vaiani - Disintegration as Hope - Index (PhD public defense on 12 July 2013) Index Table of Contents Index.......................................................................................................................................................3 Abstract...................................................................................................................................................5 Introduction.............................................................................................................................................8 1. Integrations and their limits..............................................................................................................16 1.1 The Original Oppression.................................................................................................17 1.2 The Original Globalization..............................................................................................23 1.3 The Triggering of the State..............................................................................................30 1.4 States and the Empire......................................................................................................38 1.5 Empires and the Barbarians.............................................................................................46 1.6 European Expansionism..................................................................................................52 1.7 Western Revolutions.......................................................................................................64 1.8 Industrial Colonialism.....................................................................................................74 1.9 The Totalitarian Outcome................................................................................................87 2. The Turn and a Conjecture.............................................................................................................109 2.1 Nationalism and Its Deceits...........................................................................................110 2.2 Decolonization and Its Bias...........................................................................................115 2.3 Integration Self-Exhaustion...........................................................................................128 2.4 Liberation Movements..................................................................................................137 2.5 Big Brother's Self-Restraint..........................................................................................144 2.6 Leviathan's Overstretch.................................................................................................154 2.7 Disintegration and Peace...............................................................................................164 2.8 The Permissive State of Disintegration.........................................................................174 3. After the Break of Sameness..........................................................................................................187 3.1 Beyond the Cycle..........................................................................................................188 3.2 The Princely Citizenry..................................................................................................192 3.3 Anarchy Resized...........................................................................................................202 3.4 The Coming Caretakers.................................................................................................214 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................................220 Bibliography.......................................................................................................................................230 Books and Chapters............................................................................................................231 Journal Articles and Other Papers.......................................................................................253 Websites and Other Multimedial Sources............................................................................264 Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................267 About the author.................................................................................................................271 Annotations.........................................................................................................................272 3 / 272 Mauro Vaiani - Disintegration as Hope - Index (PhD candidate in Geopolitics – University of Pisa) 4 / 272 Mauro Vaiani - Disintegration as Hope - Abstract (PhD public defense on 12 July 2013) Abstract This research theorizes an ongoing, global, grand trend of geopolitical disintegration, in the Post-Cold War, and increasingly in post-1989 time. The proposed paradigm may be useful to analyze redistribution of internal power within every state, from developed old Western powers, to new developed powers as China and India, well beyond the dissolved former real-socialist countries and the so-called failing states. The focus is on not empirical description of each local request of more autonomy, self-government, or even independence, but on the reached limits of the centuries-long and planet-wide integration process, from which the modern states and contemporary world have arisen, and that has now left room to a time of disintegration. This insight draws on a wide range of positions and contributions from International Relations theorists, along with other political scientists and scholars of geopolitics, anthropologists and sociologists, political geographers and economists, historians of colonialism and nationalism, experts of secession, critics of globalization and postmodern intellectuals, federalists and anarchists. * The first of the three parts of this study, is dedicated to an historical insight about the geopolitical integration process that had westernized and globalized the entire world. War, the state and expansionism, were not an inevitable destiny. Instead, a very small group of modern states, in competition and imitation amongst themselves, started a particularly steady conquering march on the planet. Their power expanded in intensity and extension for centuries and, with and because of the Industrial Revolution, culminated in totalitarian states and in total wars. * * 5 / 272 Mauro Vaiani - Disintegration as Hope - Abstract (PhD candidate in Geopolitics – University of Pisa) The second part treats the social and national movements that have led to the end, in 1989, of the bipolar paramountcy of the two industrial superpowers, United States and Soviet Union. Along with the dissolution of blocs and states, a steady decreasing of states wars, crimes and violences, is registered and explained in the study. A slippery use of the word and concept of nationalism, particularly in post-1989 geopolitical crises, is frontally attacked in this part, drawing from early works of Ernest Gellner and Tom Nairn. Under the umbrella term of nationalism, integrationist projects and their victims, colonizers and colonized, oppressors and resistants, are likely to be confused. An early intuition of Karl Deutsch about the social awareness and mobilization of people in post-totalitarian, post-industrial and post-colonial societies, is here crossed with the work about coercion, capital, inclusion and consent of Charles Tilly. Masses, once enslaved in industrialized obedience, have evolved in networks of active citizens – and netizens – able, in a less violent international system, to claim for more personal liberties but also, as communities, for social, economical, and geopolitical change. A theoretical conjecture is also presented in this second part: in the Post-Cold War, no old or new powers will be able to keep enough concentration of power, in order to compete for world domination. We have entered a permissive state of disintegration. Redistribution of power from center to peripheries, empowerment of federal units, multiplication of small states, may occur, from now on, because there is nobody and nothing capable of preventing it. From this geopolitical point of view,