Page INDIAN EDUCATION IN NEW MEXICO, 2025 Project Coordinator Theodore Jojola, PhD Assistant Project Coordinator Tiffany Lee, PhD Co-Principal Investigators Adelamar N. Alcántara, PhD • Mary Belgarde, PhD • Carlotta Bird, EdD • Nancy Lopez, PhD • Beverly Singer, PhD Student Research Assistants Marie-Michele Jasmin-Belisle • Jodi L. Burshia • Genevieve Giaccardo • Neomi Gilmore • Betty McCorkey Shynoke Ortiz • Michael Vincent Romero • Leola R. Tsinnajinnie • Carolene Whitman • Natahnee Winder ENIPC, Inc., Staff Patricia Reifel • Lora Lamas • Hazel Bringinggood • Louisa M. Smith • Nancy L. Garcia A Study Contracted by New Mexico Public Education Department, Indian Education Division Conducted by Eight Northern Indian Pueblos Council, Inc., Indigenous Education Study Group report submitted: 6/30/2010 rev.3 page ii TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE BRIEF................................................................................................ iv POLICY FINDINGS ................................................................................................v Best Practices.................................................................................................... v INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................1 QUANTITATIVE FINDINGS ........................................................................................2 NCLB Act (Public Law 107-110) .........................................................................2 Student Enrollment Trends ..................................................................................6 American Indian Population Trends.......................................................................8 QUALITATIVE FINDINGS ........................................................................................11 Methodology....................................................................................................11 Questions........................................................................................................13 AREAS OF INQUIRY...............................................................................................15 DISTRICT FINDINGS ...........................................................................................17 BEST PRACTICES.................................................................................................17 Youth .................................................................................................................. 22 Teachers.........................................................................................................23 Community Members .......................................................................................25 SCHOOLS WITH STUDENT BODIES THAT COME FROM SPECIFIC TRIBES................................................................................................26 CENTRAL CONSOLIDATED SCHOOL DISTRICT .....................................................26 Best Practices..................................................................................................28 Opportunities For Improvement ..........................................................................31 Policy Recommendations..................................................................................33 DULCE PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT.......................................................................34 Best Practices..................................................................................................35 Opportunities For Improvement ..........................................................................42 Policy Recommendations..................................................................................42 ALTERNATIVE CHARTER SCHOOLS ..................................................................43 NATIVE AMERICAN COMMUNITY ACADEMY ..........................................................43 Best Practices..................................................................................................44 Opportunities For Improvement ..........................................................................49 Policy Recommendations..................................................................................49 WALATOWA HIGH CHARTER SCHOOL .................................................................50 Best Practices..................................................................................................52 Opportunities For Improvement ..........................................................................56 Policy Recommendations..................................................................................57 PUBLIC SCHOOLS THAT SERVE SIGNIFICANT NUMBERS OF INDIAN COMMUNITIES ................................................................................58 BERNALILLO PUBLIC SCHOOL DISTRICT...............................................................58 Best Practices..................................................................................................59 Opportunities For Improvement ..........................................................................63 Policy Recommendations..................................................................................65 GRANTS CIBOLA COUNTY SCHOOLS ..................................................................66 Best Practices..................................................................................................68 page iii Opportunities For Improvement ..........................................................................76 Policy Recommendations..................................................................................76 POJOAQUE SCHOOL DISTRICT ............................................................................77 Best Practices..................................................................................................79 Opportunities For Improvement ..........................................................................84 Policy Recommendations..................................................................................85 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................86 INDIGENOUS EDUCATION STUDY GROUP............................................................86 Indigenous Research Process ...........................................................................87 Lessons Learned .............................................................................................89 LITERATURE REVIEW.............................................................................................93 National Studies ...............................................................................................90 Regional Studies ..............................................................................................97 Cultural Issues................................................................................................100 SUCCESSFUL STUDENT (EDUCATED NATIVE AMERICAN PERSON) .....................102 LANGUAGE........................................................................................................105 CURRICULUM ....................................................................................................108 PEDAGOGY........................................................................................................111 ACCOUNTABILITY...............................................................................................114 SCHOOL CLIMATE, ENVIRONMENT AND PLACE .................................................118 VISION ...............................................................................................................121 Annotated Bibliography.........................................................................................123 FIGURES Figure 1: Annual Measurable Objectives to Make AYP, Grades K – 12 .................................... 2 Figure 2: Percentage of Students At or Above Proficiency Reading: 2004-2005 School Year..................................................................................................... 3 Figure 3: Percentage of Students At or Above Proficiency Math: 2004-2005 School Year.................................................................................................... 4 Figure 4: American Indian Births from 1990 to 2006................................................................. 7 Figure 5:Time Line: 2007–2009 ............................................................................................. 90 TABLES Table 1:School Districts With Highest Concentration of AI Students By Percent of All Students in Title 1 & Title IV ..................................................................... 5 Table 2: Number of American Indian Students Enrolled in Public Schools By School District in the Study Area: School Year 1998 to 2010 ....................................... 7 Table 3: Historical population Levels and Average Annual Growth Rate: 1990 to 2005............. 8 Table 4: New Mexico State and American Indian Population, by Age: Census 2000................. 9 Table 5: Projected State and American Indian Population: July 1, 2025................................. 10 Table 6: Summary Findings From 14 Major Federal Studies:1928–2008 .............................94 page iv EXECUTIVE BRIEF This study indicates that best practices in Indian education entail providing a culturally responsive educa- tion for Native students. Culturally responsive