No. C538 June 2020 The municipal wastewater treatment plant of the future – A water reuse facility Evaluation of a full-scale tertiary treatment system for removal of pharmaceuticals and recovery of water at the WWTP Stengården in Simrishamn, Sweden IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute: Östen Ekengren, Staffan Filipsson, Christian Baresel, Jesper Karlsson, Lisa Winberg von Friesen Simrishamn municipality: Stefan Blomqvist, Marcus Hasselgren, Johanna Grosch Xylem: Aleksandra Lazic, Harald Stapel, Moritz Fassbender Nordic Water: Mattias Feldthusen Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences: Jorunn Hellman, Annika Nordin Author: IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute: Christian Baresel, Östen Ekengren, Staffan Filipsson, Jesper Karlsson, Lisa Winberg von Friesen Simrishamn municipality: Stefan Blomqvist, Marcus Hasselgren Xylem: Aleksandra Lazic, Harald Stapel Nordic Water: Mattias Feldthusen Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences: Jorunn Hellman, Annika Nordin Funded by: VINNOVA, Swedish Agency for Innovations Photographer: Staffan Filipsson Report number C 538 ISBN 978-91-7883-199-9 Edition Only available as PDF for individual printing © IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute 2020 IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute Ltd. P.O Box 210 60, S-100 31 Stockholm, Sweden Phone +46-(0)10-7886500 // www.ivl.se This report has been reviewed and approved in accordance with IVL's audited and approved management system. Table of contents Summary ................................................................................................................................ 5 Sammanfattning..................................................................................................................... 6 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Background and motivation .............................................................................................................. 7 1.2 General objectives of the project ...................................................................................................... 8 1.3 Stengården wastewater treatment plant .......................................................................................... 8 1.4 Project organization and management ........................................................................................... 10 2 Project Methodology .................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Circular water management ............................................................................................................ 11 2.2 Selected advanced treatment ......................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1 Microfiltration (MF) ................................................................................................................ 13 2.2.2 Ozonation (O3) ........................................................................................................................ 13 2.2.3 Granular activated carbon (GAC) and Sand filtration (SF) ...................................................... 15 2.3 Water quality targets for water reuse ............................................................................................. 17 2.4 Contaminants, sampling, analysis methods and online monitoring ............................................... 19 2.4.1 Pharmaceuticals ...................................................................................................................... 20 2.4.2 Microplastics ........................................................................................................................... 20 2.4.3 Bacteria, antibiotic resistant bacteria ..................................................................................... 21 2.4.4 Bromate/Bromide ................................................................................................................... 21 2.5 Sampling campaigns (SC) ................................................................................................................. 22 2.5.1 SC1 – removal of pharmaceuticals at ozone dose 8 mg/L ...................................................... 22 2.5.2 SC2 - Ozone dose-response behavior ..................................................................................... 22 2.5.3 SC3 - removal of microplastics ................................................................................................ 22 2.5.4 SC4 – Removal om pharmaceuticals at ozone dose 4 mg/L ................................................... 23 2.5.5 SC5 – Production of a reusable water at ozone dose 6 mg/l .................................................. 23 2.5.6 Other sampling campaigns ..................................................................................................... 23 3 Results ........................................................................................................................... 24 3.1 Treatment efficiency at Stengården WWTP .................................................................................... 24 3.1.1 General treatment performance ............................................................................................ 24 3.1.2 Microplastics ........................................................................................................................... 24 3.1.3 Pharmaceutical residues ......................................................................................................... 25 3.1.4 Bacteria, antibiotic resistant bacteria ..................................................................................... 32 3.2 Performance of the advanced treatment ........................................................................................ 33 3.2.1 Removal efficiency for micropollutants .................................................................................. 33 3.2.2 Comparison of advanced treatment systems ......................................................................... 38 3.2.3 Ozone dose – response curve ................................................................................................. 39 3.2.4 Bromate formation and handling ........................................................................................... 40 3.2.5 Capability to produce reusable water ..................................................................................... 41 3.3 Operational aspects......................................................................................................................... 42 3.3.1 Ozonation and energy use ...................................................................................................... 42 3.3.2 Filter operation ....................................................................................................................... 44 3.3.3 Dynamic ozone dose control .................................................................................................. 44 4 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 48 4.1 Removal of pharmaceuticals, microplastics and bacteria ............................................................... 48 4.2 Production of reusable water .......................................................................................................... 49 4.4 Energy demand ............................................................................................................................... 51 5 Conclusions and recommendations ............................................................................. 52 6 References .................................................................................................................... 53 7 Appendices ................................................................................................................... 56 7.1 Swedish limits for drinking water .................................................................................................... 56 7.2 Required effluent qualities for different reuse ............................................................................... 62 7.3 Analytical packages ......................................................................................................................... 62 Report C 538 ­ Evaluation of a full-scale tertiary treatment system for removal of pharmaceuticals and recovery of water at the WWTP Stengården in Simrishamn, Sweden Summary Climate change and the ongoing pollution of the aquatic environment will lead to a further increased pressure on natural water resources and an increased shortage in access to clean water in many regions of the world. The Water Framework Directive has established a framework for integrated water management in Europe to tackle these problems, a recent evaluation indicates that less than half of the EU’s water bodies are in good status, even though the deadline for achieving this was 2015. For wastewater and other waste stream handling, a paradigm shift from end-of-pipe solutions to circular approaches must be the way forward. Sewage and other wastes should be considered as valuable resources that can be turned into valuable commodities in resource facilities that provide services to a sustainable society, e.g. reuse of water. In 2015 the municipality of Simrishamn at the coast of Hanöbukten, took