CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by University of Worcester Research and Publications A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE IMPORTANCE OF WINNING WITHIN UNIVERSITY SPORT IN ENGLAND AND THE UNITED STATES Joshua Mathew Cooprider A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements of the University of Coventry for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy January 2008 Coventry University in association with the University of Worcester Contents List of Figures..............................................................................................................................6 List of Tables...............................................................................................................................8 List of Appendices:......................................................................................................................9 List of Abbreviations.................................................................................................................10 Abstract......................................................................................................................................12 Declaration.................................................................................................................................13 Copyright...................................................................................................................................14 Acknowledgements ...................................................................................................................15 Chapter 1: Introduction..........................................................................................................16 Global Significance of Sport...............................................................................16 Overall Purpose and Specific Aims....................................................................18 Amateurism to Commercialism: Change in Sport Organisations ..................20 Contextualising Contemporary Sport ...............................................................21 The Conceptualization of Winning ....................................................................24 Conceptualizing Perceptions and Attitudes ......................................................26 Methodological Issues .........................................................................................26 Structure of the thesis .........................................................................................27 Chapter 2: An Overview of Socio-Cultural and Historical Factors Shaping Sport in England and the United States ...........................................................................29 Section I: Introduction ........................................................................................................29 Section II: Post Industrial Revolution and Contemporary Sport in England ................30 Contemporary Sport and the Public School..........................................................33 Section III: Socio-Cultural and Historical Values of English Society and the Amateur Ethos in Sport. .....................................................................................................40 Amateurism in the Victorian and Edwardian Periods ....................................41 Amateurism and the Concept of Fair Play ............................................................41 Social Class and 19th Century Sport in England...................................................43 Sport, Leisure and The State: The Victorian Legacy ............................................47 Post World War II England and Sport .............................................................49 'Tradition' Values and the Political Culture………………………………………….51 Major Dispositions within English Society…………………………………………..52 Section IV: The Post-Industrial Era and Contemporary Sport in the United States .......54 The Protestant Ethic..............................................................................................55 The Evolution of the City.......................................................................................57 Technological Innovations and Spectator Sport ...................................................59 2 Post-Civil War Era and the ‘Gilded Age’ .........................................................61 The Jeffersonian Tradition and the Democratic Political Philosophy..................62 Doctrines of Social Darwinism .............................................................................62 Voluntary Associations: The Role of the Sport Clubs ...........................................63 The National Pastime: The Rise of Baseball in the late 19th Century...................66 Section V: Socio-Cultural and Historical Values of American Society and ‘Commercialism’ in Sport...................................................................................68 Dominant American Values and Sport ..................................................................69 The Lombardian Ethic...........................................................................................70 American Sport and ‘The State’ ............................................................................71 Social Class and Sport in the United States ..........................................................73 Post-World War II United States and Sport.....................................................76 Emphasis on Winning............................................................................................77 Mass-media and sport ...........................................................................................79 British Concept of ‘Amateurism’...........................................................................80 Section VI: Summary ..............................................................................................................82 Chapter 3: The Structure of the British University Sports Association in England and the National Collegiate Athletic Association in the United States...................84 Section I: Introduction ........................................................................................................84 Section II: Overview of the Development of the English University Student Sport.......85 Section III: The Organisation of the British University Sports Association....................90 BUSA Governance Structure (1994-2005)............................................................92 The Executive Committee ......................................................................................94 The Role of Divisional Committee.........................................................................95 ‘Amateurism’ and the Student Union ....................................................................97 Sponsorship and Volunteerism..............................................................................99 Finance and Budgets .........................................................................................101 Expenditure..........................................................................................................102 Recent Developments within BUSA: Governance Structure ...............................103 BUSA Strategic Vision: “Looking Forward”......................................................104 Section IV: Overview of the Development of Intercollegiate Sport in the U.S.A. ..........108 The Creation of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) ..............110 Section V: The Structure of the National Collegiate Athletic Association.....................111 NCAA Governance Structure ..............................................................................113 Division Committees............................................................................................115 Commercialism and the Athletic Department .....................................................116 University Structure.............................................................................................117 The Structure of the Athletic Department............................................................119 3 The Role of Commercialism ................................................................................121 Finance and Budgets .........................................................................................127 Revenue................................................................................................................128 Expenses ..............................................................................................................129 Television Contracts and Revenue ......................................................................130 NCAA Strategic Vision: “Looking Forward” .....................................................132 Section VI: Summary ...........................................................................................................133 Chapter 4: Research Methodology .....................................................................................137 Section I: Introduction ........................................................................................................137 Section II: Research Design.................................................................................................138 Descriptive Research Design ..............................................................................138 Situational Research: Case Study .......................................................................138