Ë ¥ § ÄÉÇÆÅÎÌÈ Ê Alan Turing Ernest Davis The Turing Guide. By Jack Copeland, Jonathan Bowen, Mark Sprevak, and Robin Wilson. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, March 2017. 545 pages. $115.00. § º à ¾ 2012 Ø 6 23 Alan Tur- » Ø ¨ Ø Ø ¥ ing(Ü ) 100 2012 ¹ Ù Ø Ø “Alan Turing Ø”, 21 Ú Ï Ê Ò ¹ “Alan ² ¿ Û Ñ ¥ Í Á ¥ Æ ¨ Ý Turing Ø”. ¦ Á Û Ø ß Æ Ô Turing 2014 ­ Ø ¤ ¦Æ ¢ (The Imitation Game) Á ¬ ¨ Turing ³ ¼ ª ¯ ª ¢ Ü Ö 42 Ñ ² ¹ (The Turing Guide) ¤ Ó ¦ ¹ ² É É Ð ¨ Ê Í Turing ² Á © © Á Â Ø · ¦ ­ ¨ 60 Ê ª ¯ Ü Ã ­ ¼ » à · ° à ª ¦¡ Ê ³ Á ¬ Í µ Ù ± ¦ ¦Ü ´ Ê Ç ¨ º Ò ¸ ¼ Jack Copeland, ¼ (Can- ¥ £ The Turing Guide Å Ø Ø ¦ à terbury) ª ¯ ¦Ì ¯ ­ ¢ Ü Ñ ¤ ¼ É ³ ¨© Ê ¦ » ℄ ¾ à 13 Í ½ Æ Ô © » Û Á Ê ¨© Ù ² Á µ » Turing 5 Turing Î Ø Ò Ø Å Ø Ø ½ ¿ Ø Ø Ø ¿ Ë ³ ¨ ¶ Ø Ê Ó · Turing Sir John Dermott Turing David Leavitt ³ Ù © ³ » » Û Ï © » ¸ Ï ß ¤ ¨Ý ° Turing 7 Æ ¨ Ý Ç ¦ ¤ Á ¬ Æ Ú ¦© · Í © ³ Í (Bletchley Park, ¥ ) © ¿Ã ¬ Á ´ ¨ Turing (morphogenesis) « Á ¢ ¨ ¹ º É Turing « SIAM News, v. 50 (2017), no. 6, Paying Tribute to Alan Turing’s Life and Work, Ernest Davis, figure number 2. Copyright c 2017 Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. All Ì Þ Ô Ï Þ Â È Ü « Á © rights reserved. Reprinted with permission. Î Î Ü ¥ Ï À Ó È § × ° Ð Ä Ernest Davis Ä Courant [email protected]. · 78 · ¦ ³ © ¼ Í ¯ ¨ Ê Ë ª ¯ ² ½ Turing ¦ ´ ³ « à ª Ã Ò Î . 1936 Ø “ (On Ò ¿Ã Ä ¦Ø computable numbers)”, ÖØ Turing ° ¿ © Ø Ó ¦ ½ ­ ¬ Õ ¹ µ Turing Ø ¦µ ² Ø Ã ¹ Ø —— Ðà —— £ ¸ Ò Ø ¬ Î ¦ David Hilbert ( ) “Entscheidungs ( ) Õ”. © Ñ ¥ Í Á ¥ Æ· ¦ à » ¸ Þ ℄. Turing ¦ Þ ¦ ¤ Ç (Enigma code). Ù Ü ¦Õ © à © Å ³ Ç ¨ É Þ Ý Õ Ò ¬ ¬ º É Á Ó ¨¥ Æ Â ¦ × Turing ¦ ¨ » Û Ú Ò Turing 1945 Ø (Automatic Comput- ° Í ¹ Å Ò ± Ò ¨ ing Engine) 1948 1) ¦ Ú ¼ ÛÉ © É Ò Ø Max Newman ( ) (Manchester) Å Å ¦µ © É Ò Ò ¦ · ¦ Í ¼ Á Ó ¨ à ³ µ Ö . Turing (artificial intelligence, AI) ª 1930 Ù Alan Turing Ù ¢ ß Ø ¨ Ø Ó À Í º ¬ ¨ © · —— Sherborne School. ¡ Beryl Turing ¬ ¨ à ٠¹ ¦ Í º ¬ ¨ Ö Ê Ã Ù ¹ Ù Í º —— ´ Æ Á ¥ ­ µ Ö Í ¹ Ç µ Turing (Turing test) ¦ ¦ Ñ Í Ö µ « ¨ ÂÌ Ù © ¨ Á × Ø ¦ Ó À Turing Ê 20 50 Turing Í ¹ Ù ¿Ã ¨Â ¾ ¦ Í Í ¿Ã ª ¯ µ Í » Û Ò 2) © ª ¯ · À ¿Ã ℄ ³ µ Ö ª ¯ Ó Ü É ¨² ¡ ¦ » Margaret Boden Ó Í Î Á ¥ ª ¯ Ñ ³ Á Ð È ¦ Ö ª Ò ¹ (Google Scholar) ¡ ¹ Ã Ó Á Ö º É Á ¥ Ñ ³ Á ³ ¨ © ³ —— —— Turing Ò ¿Ã Î Á ¦ µ · ½ Ø ¿ Î Å (normal 3) ± à · Ë ¬ Õ ¾ É Û ¨ Ý number) ¿Ã Riemann ( ) Christopher Strachey Á ¦È Á Ñ Í ½ Õ Ô » ¬ Ø ¦É Ò Ò Ä Í µ Ä Ö Ú ¯ 1951 “ ½ Ãà ¶ Æ (God Save the King)” Glenn Miller “ (In the mood)” “ (Baa » ¶ » Ï ¨Ì ¦© à ª Ò ­ µ Ö Baa Black Sheep)” “ (Computing Ï Ù ℄ È § Ù § Ì Ù 1) Maxwell Herman Alexander Newman (1897–1984), © ¡ —— À È §ª À  ¶ ´ ¶ × ¡¾ ¡ ¡¸ Ó 2) 1936–, Sussex §¬ ¶ Ù ´ «Þ ¤ (British Academy, United Kingdom’s National ¤ ¡ ¾ ½ ¶ © Academy for the Humanities and the Social Sciences) —— Ó Ù ©° ß Â É ´ Î § ß Â 3) 1916–1975, (denotational semantics) © Ó —— · 79 · Ä Â Í ¡ · ¦ ¦ Æ ¦ Machinery and Intelligence)” · Turing Turing Turing 1) ½ ¿ » Ê Í ¯ · Ñ Ã ¹ ¼ Ê (parapsychology); Leavitt © ª È ¯ ¨ º à ª Ù © Þ ¾ Ù º ¨Í · » ¿ Í ³ Ê ¹ Turing Ê Ã ¿ Ï × © ¼ ³ ± º É ¦ ¢ ¨© Ò ¿Ã · ± Turing 2) Á ¦ ´  § ¦ ´ ¾ Ñ Ã · ¦ ¹ Ó © ­ Turing 6 Emil Post Ù Ý ¦ Ö ¾ ¿ £ Þ ℄ Í º à à ¹ ± £ ¨Ì ¦´ ( ) Copeland È » Ú ÐË Ö Ï ¡ Ñ ² Ð “ Isaac Newton ( ) [Turing ], Newton Ð Ã Æ ¨­ ¹ Û » È ¤ ª  ”, “ Newton Turing ” ° ° ² ¢ Ã Ë ¦Â à à ´ » ¦ÐË Ï © Newton Turing ¯ ² ¦© Ë Ê Ì Ù ¨ ´ À ° Ø Ã ¦ ℄  ¦ Turing Boden Turing Ç » Î Ô ¡ ± ¨ ¹ Ó Ý Ù Ã Í Ý ¿Ã © » Î ß ¤ ( ) ² Ê Ã Ð È ¦ Ð Ã Ê Ï ß ¨ “ ”; ¦ª ¾ ¢ Ü Ñ ¤ Æ ¦ ¹ ¦ ¦ à ÙÍ º Ì Turing Ü º · Ð Ø £ À À ¦· ¥ µ Ì Ù Ú À ¨ ² ¦ Turing —— Á ¹ Þ ¦ Ø Á Ê Î ¹ ¹ Bletchley 1976 Turing ÊÓ À Í Ù ¦ ¹ ¦© Ò ¦ ¬ Ë Á ¢ —— Ý Í ¦ ¹ ² Ì Ù ° ¤ Ü ¨² ¡ ¦³ Ï Ï · ¥ © ¬ 3) © Þ ¾ ¤ Ü ¨ª ¾ » Ì ¦ à Turing Boden Francis Crick 4) ¦ ¢ µ ¡ à ¿Ã ¹ ¯ ¨ James Watson DNA Turing Copeland Ã Æ Ð À ¼ ± Õ ¦µ À Ù Albert Einstein ( ) Turing Einstein 5) Ê ¬ ¼ ¨ Ë Ã ¥ Æ ² Í Richard Dawkins Turing ­ ½ ¢ £ ℄ £ ² Â Ö Dwight D. Eisenhower ( ) Winston Churchill ( ) ( · ¥ à « ¦ ¹ à ° ¦ ¾ Copeland “ ”). ¹ ¦ Í Æ « ³ ¯ Æ Ã µ · Í ¹ ¨ ¡ Á ¦ Û ­ Ï ¤ Í Æ © Ø Á ³ ¹ ¦¢ Ü Ñ ¤ Ã Í º É ² ¨ ¢ ¤ Í Ê Á ËÍ The Turing Guide Ô Biography (Æ ) 1. Life and work, Jack Copeland and Jonathan Bowen 2. The man with the terrible trousers, Sir John Dermot Turing · Ù ¡ß ·  ¡Ç Õ Â Ù © 1) David Leavitt, 1961–, Î —— Ï Ù Æ Ù § À Â Ä ª Ó Ä 2) 1897–1954, Î (computability theory) À Á © —— Ù ¡ Ù Æ Ù § Ì Ù ¡ © 3) 1916–2004, —— Ù ¡ Ç Ù Û Ù § Ù Þ ´ Ú § £ ¶ § 4) 1928–, Î 1953 Francis Crick DNA ¦ § £ ¶ ª ª ¸ Ç Ò ℄ ´ Ú ÙÞ ¤ ¶ “ ”, 1962 Ï © —— º Ä £ Ý ° Ò ¥ ¸ Ä «  §¸ Ó Ä Ì Ä « ¸ Ô ½ Ô © 5) —— · 80 · 3. Meeting a genius, Peter Hilton 4. Crime and punishment, Jack Copeland Ó ¦ ­ The Universal Machine and Beyond (Ø ) 5. A century of Turing, Stephen Wolfram 6. Turing’s great invention: the universal computing machine, Jack Copeland 7. Hilbert and his famous problem, Jack Copeland 8. Turing and the origins of digital computers, Brian Randell ¦ Codebreaker ( Ç ) 9. At Bletchley Park, Jack Copeland 10. The Enigma machine, Joel Greenberg 11. Breaking machines with a pencil, Mavis Batey 12. Bombes, Jack Copeland with Jean Valentine and Catherine Caughey 13. Introducing Banburismus, Edward Simpson 14. Tunny, Hitler’s biggest fish, Jack Copeland 15. We were the world’s first computer operators, Eleanor Ireland 16. The Testery: breaking Hitler’s most secret code, Jerry Roberts 17. Ultra revelations, Brian Randell 18. Delilah - encrypting speech, Jack Copeland 19. Turing’s Monument, Simon Greenish, Jonathan Bowen and Jack Copeland Â Ò Computers After the War (Æ ) 20. Baby, Jack Copeland 21. ACE, Martin Campbell-Kelly 22. Turing’s Zeitgeist, Brian E. Carpenter and Robert W. Doran 23. Computer music, Jack Copeland and Jason Long 24. Turing, Lovelace, and Babbage, Doron Swade µ Ö Ý Û Ô Artificial Intelligence and The Mind (³ ) 25. Intelligent machinery, Jack Copeland 26. Turing’s model of the mind, Mark Sprevak 27. The Turing test - from every angle, Diane Proudfoot 28. Turing’s concept of intelligence, Diane Proudfoot 29. Connectionism: computing with neurons, Jack Copeland and Diane Proudfoot 30. Child machines, Diane Proudfoot 31. Computer chess - the first moments, Jack Copeland and Dani Prinz 32. Turing and the paranormal, David Leavitt Biological Growth ( ) 33. Pioneer of artificial life, Margaret Boden 34. Turing’s theory of morphogenesis, Thomas E. Woolley, Ruth Baker and Philip Maini 35. Radiolaria: validating the Turing theory, Bernard Richards Mathematics (Î ) 36. Introducing Turing’s mathematics, Robin Whitty and Robin Wilson 37. Decidability and the Entscheidungsproblem, Robin Whitty 38. Banburismus revisited: depths and Bayes, Edward Simpson 39. Turing and randomness, Rod Downey 40. Turing’s mentor, Max Newman, Ivor Grattan-Guinness § Finale (¢ ) 41. Is the whole universe a computer? Jack Copeland, Oron Shagrir, and Mark Sprevak 42. Turing’s legacy, Jonathan Bowen Ï ¸ ( ) · 81 ·.