Technical/Regulatory Guidance In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethene: DNAPL Source Zones Cl Cl 2H HCl Cl H 2H HCl HH2H HCl HH2H HCl HH CC= CC= CC= CC= CC= Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl Cl HCl HH PCE TCE cis-1,2-DCE VC Ethene Reductive Dechlorination June 2008 Prepared by The Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council Bioremediation of DNAPLs Team ABOUT ITRC Established in 1995, the Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC) is a state-led, national coalition of personnel from the environmental regulatory agencies of all 50 states and the District of Columbia, three federal agencies, tribes, and public and industry stakeholders. The organization is devoted to reducing barriers to, and speeding interstate deployment of better, more cost-effective, innovative environmental techniques. 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In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethene: DNAPL Source Zones June 2008 Prepared by The Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council Bioremediation of DNAPLs Team Copyright 2008 Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council 50 F Street NW, Suite 350, Washington, DC 20001 Permission is granted to refer to or quote from this publication with the customary acknowledgment of the source. The suggested citation for this document is as follows: ITRC (Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council). 2008. In Situ Bioremediation of Chlorinated Ethene: DNAPL Source Zones. BioDNAPL-3. Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council, Bioremediation of DNAPLs Team. www.itrcweb.org. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The members of the Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (ITRC) Bioremediation of DNAPLs (BioDNAPL) Team wish to acknowledge the individuals, organizations, and agencies that contributed to this technical and regulatory guidance document. As part of the broader ITRC effort, the BioDNAPL Team effort is funded primarily by the U.S. Department of Energy. Additional funding and support have been provided by the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. ITRC operates as a committee of the Environmental Research Institute of the States, a Section 501(c)(3) public charity that supports the Environmental Council of the States through its educational and research activities aimed at improving the environment in the United States and providing a forum for state environmental policy makers. The BioDNAPL Team wishes to recognize the efforts of specific BioDNAPL Team members, as well as members of the former ITRC In Situ Bioremediation Team, who provided valuable written input in the development of this guidance. The efforts of all those who took valuable time to review and comment on this document are also greatly appreciated. The BioDNAPL Team recognizes the efforts of the following state environmental personnel who contributed to the development of this guidance: • Naji Akladiss, P.E., Maine Department of Environmental Protection, BioDNAPL Team Leader • Richard Aho, Marquette County Solid Waste • Jennifer Farrell, Florida Department of Environmental Protection • Dr. Dibakar (Dib) Goswami, Washington Sate Department of Ecology • Paul Hadley, California Department of Toxic Substances Control • Eric Hausamann, P.E., New York State Department of Environmental Conservation • Bill Morris, Kansas Department of Health and Environment • Peter Pozzo, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources • Greg Rapp, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection • Susan Schow, MPH, Maine Health Data Organization • Julia Sechen, Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection • Dr. G. A. (Jim) Shirazi, P.G., Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food, and Forestry • Michael B. Smith, Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation • Larry Syverson, Virginia Department of Environmental Quality The team recognizes the contributions of the following stakeholder and academic representatives: • Dr. Song Jin, University of Wyoming • Dr. H. Eric Nuttall, University of New Mexico–Emeritus • Dr. Mary Jo Ondrechen, Northeastern University i The team also recognizes the contributions of the following federal agencies: • Erica Becvar, Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment • Don Ficklen, Air Force Center for Engineering and the Environment • Linda Fiedler, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency • Carmen Lebron, Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center • Dr. Ian Osgerby, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Finally, the team recognizes the contributions of the following consultants and industry representatives: • Dr. Wilson Clayton, Aquifer Solutions • Dr. Mary DeFlaun, Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. • Robert Downer, Burns and McDonald Engineering Co., Inc. • Steve R. Hill, RegTech, Inc./ITRC • Dr. Eric Hood, P.E., GeoSyntec Consultants, Inc. • Trevor King, P.E., Langan Engineering and Environmental Services • Dr. Jerry Lisiecki, Fishbeck, Thompson, Carr & Huber, Inc. • Tamzen Macbeth, Northwind, Inc. • Dr. David Major, P.E., Geosyntec Consultants, Inc. • Jennifer Martin, ARCADIS • Dr. Frederick Payne, ARCADIS • Mike Sieczkowski, JRW Bioremediation, LLC • Donovan Smith, JRW Bioremediation, LLC • Jennifer Smith, Conestoga Rovers & Associates • Dr. Hans Stroo, HydroGeologic, Inc. • Ryan Wymore, P.E., Camp Dresser & McKee ii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council’s (ITRC) Bioremediation of DNAPLs (BioDNAPL) Team was formed in 2004 with the aim of developing the technical and regulatory guidance needed to support the use of in situ bioremediation (ISB) as a treatment option for subsurface dense, nonaqueous-phase liquids (DNAPLs), particularly those associated with chlorinated ethenes. Chlorinated solvents were once widely used throughout a number of industries, leading to numerous environmental contamination problems. Both the U.S. Department of Defense and the U.S. Department of Energy face DNAPL contamination problems at many of their facilities. DNAPLs, primarily those containing chlorinated ethenes, pose one of the most widespread and prominent types of contamination associated with Superfund sites. Historical and many current DNAPL remediation technologies require the use of energy, fluids, or oxidants