o SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE TRIAL CHAMBER II Before: Justice Julia Sebutinde, Presiding Judge Justice Richard Lussick Justice Teresa Doherty Registrar: Herman von Hebel, Acting Registrar Date: 20 June 2007 Case No.: SCSL-04-16-T PROSECUTOR Against Alex Tamba BRIMA Brima Bazzy KAMARA Santigie Borbor KANU JUDGEMENT Office of the Prosecutor: Defence Counsel for Alex Tamba Brima: Karim Agha Kojo Graham Christopher Staker Glenna Thompson Charles Hardaway Lesley Taylor Defence Counsel for Brima Bazzy Kamara: Melissa Pack Andrew Daniels Vincent Wagona Mohamed Pa-Momo Fofanah Shyamala Alagendra Defence Counsel for Santigie Borbor Kanu: Geert-Jan Alexander Knoops Agibola E. Manly-Spain Carry Knoops Case No. SCSL-2004-16-T 2 20 June 2007 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................21 II. ALLEGED DEFECTS IN THE FORM OF THE INDICTMENT .......................................25 III. CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE ...................49 IV. CONTEXT OF THE ALLEGED CRIMES ...........................................................................65 V. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ARTICLES 2, 3 AND 4 OF THE STATUTE ..........80 VI. POLITICAL STRUCTURE OF THE AFRC GOVERNMENT .........................................98 VII. ROLE OF THE ACCUSED .................................................................................................108 VIII. MILITARY STRUCTURE OF THE AFRC FIGHTING FORCE ................................167 IX. APPLICABLE LAW ..............................................................................................................195 X. FACTS AND FINDINGS ........................................................................................................248 XI. RESPONSIBILITY OF THE ACCUSED ............................................................................451 XII. CUMULATIVE CONVICTIONS .......................................................................................565 XIII. DISPOSITION .....................................................................................................................569 SEPARATE CONCURRING OPINION OF THE HON. JUSTICE JULIA SEBUTINDE APPENDED TO JUDGEMENT PURSUANT TO RULE 88 (C) ......................................574 PARTLY DISSENTING OPINION OF JUSTICE DOHERTY ON COUNT 7 (SEXUAL SLAVERY) AND COUNT 8 (‘FORCED MARRIAGES’) ................................................582 ANNEX A: PROCEDURAL HISTORY ....................................................................................597 ANNEX B: GLOSSARY ..............................................................................................................619 ANNEX C: MAP OF SIERRA LEONE .....................................................................................631 Case No. SCSL-2004-16-T 3 20 June 2007 DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................21 A. THE SPECIAL COURT FOR SIERRA LEONE ..................................................................................21 B. PROCEDURAL HISTORY ..............................................................................................................21 C. THE ACCUSED ............................................................................................................................23 D. SUMMARY OF THE CHARGES ......................................................................................................23 II. ALLEGED DEFECTS IN THE FORM OF THE INDICTMENT........................................25 A. HISTORY OF INDICTMENTS .........................................................................................................25 B. SCOPE OF REVIEW ......................................................................................................................26 C. APPLICABLE PLEADING PRINCIPLES ...........................................................................................27 D. DISCUSSION................................................................................................................................29 1. Particulars of Victims and Locations.....................................................................................29 (a) Victims ................................................................................................................................... 29 (b) Locations................................................................................................................................ 30 (c) Offences of a Continuous Nature ........................................................................................... 31 2. Alleged Failure to Plead that Crimes were Committed by the Accused................................32 (a) Pleading Principles When the Mode of ‘Committing’ is Alleged.......................................... 32 (b) Findings.................................................................................................................................. 35 3. Objections Relating to Joint Criminal Enterprise (“JCE”) ....................................................36 (a) Submissions of the Parties...................................................................................................... 36 (b) Pleading Principles................................................................................................................. 37 (c) Deliberations .......................................................................................................................... 39 (d) Findings.................................................................................................................................. 43 4. Alleged Failure to Specify Factual Foundation of Responsibility Pursuant to Article 6(3) of the Statute........................................................................................................................45 5. Alleged Failure to Distinguish Between Individual Criminal Responsibility Under Article 6(1) and 6(3) of the Statute .................................................................................................46 6. Pleading of Count 7: Sexual Slavery and Any Other Form of Sexual Violence (Article 2(g) of the Statute)...............................................................................................................46 (a) Submissions of the Parties...................................................................................................... 46 (b) Findings.................................................................................................................................. 47 III. CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE EVALUATION OF EVIDENCE ....................49 A. LAW APPLICABLE TO THE ASSESSMENT OF EVIDENCE ...............................................................49 1. Burden and Standard of Proof................................................................................................49 2. Admission of Evidence..........................................................................................................50 B. FORMS OF EVIDENCE UNDER REVIEW ........................................................................................50 1. Witness Testimony.................................................................................................................51 (a) Discrepancies Between the Evidence of Various Witnesses, or Between the Evidence of a Particular Witness and a Previous Statement........................................................................ 53 (b) Crimes Involving Sexual Violence ........................................................................................ 54 (c) Names of Locations................................................................................................................ 54 (d) Testimony of Accused in his own Defence............................................................................ 55 (e) Alibi of Accused Brima.......................................................................................................... 55 (f) Witnesses Implicated in the Commission of the Crimes ........................................................ 57 (g) ‘Incentives’ for Witnesses...................................................................................................... 57 (h) Putting the Defence Case to Prosecution Witnesses.............................................................. 58 2. Documentary Evidence..........................................................................................................59 (a) Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 59 Case No. SCSL-2004-16-T 4 20 June 2007 (b) Copies and Internet Sources................................................................................................... 60 (c) Radio Broadcasts and Transcripts Thereof ............................................................................ 61 (d) Documents Used in Cross-Examination by the Prosecution.................................................. 61 3. Expert Testimony and Reports...............................................................................................62 4. Facts of which Judicial Notice was Taken.............................................................................63 5. Agreed Facts ..........................................................................................................................64