EU member states and enlargement towards the Balkans EPC ISSUE PAPER NO. 79 J u l y 2 0 1 5 Edited by Rosa Balfour and Corina Stratulat EUROPEAN POLITICS AND INSTITUTIONS ISSN 1782-494X PROGRAMME The EPC’s Programme on European Politics and Institutions With the entry into force of the Lisbon Treaty, the new focus of this programme is on adapting the EU’s institutional architecture to take account of the changed set-up and on bringing the EU closer to its citizens. Continuing discussion on governance and policymaking in Brussels is essential to ensure that the European project can move forward and respond to the challenges facing the Union in the 21st century in a democratic and effective manner. This debate is closely linked to the key questions of how to involve European citizens in the discussions over its future; how to win their support for European integration and what are the prospects for, and consequences of, further enlargement towards the Balkans and Turkey. This programme focuses on these core themes and brings together all the strands of the debate on a number of key issues, addressing them through various fora, task forces and projects. It also works with other programmes on cross-cutting issues such as the reform of European economic governance or the new EU foreign policy structures. ii Table of Contents About the authors .................................................................................................................................... v Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. ix Foreword ................................................................................................................................................. xi Executive summary .............................................................................................................................. xiii List of graphs ......................................................................................................................................... xv List of tables .......................................................................................................................................... xvi Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................... xvii 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................. 1 by Rosa Balfour and Corina Stratulat 2. Enlargement policy in perspective............................................................................. 11 by Graham Avery 3. Masters or servents? Member states in the EU enlargement process ....................... 19 by Christophe Hillion 4. Germany ................................................................................................................... 29 by Cornelius Adebahr and Theresia Töglhofer 5. France ...................................................................................................................... 43 by Natasha Wunsch 6. United Kingdom ....................................................................................................... 53 by James Ker-Lindsay 7. Poland ...................................................................................................................... 63 by Tomasz Žornaczuk 8. Italy ........................................................................................................................... 73 by Andrea Frontini 9. Spain ........................................................................................................................ 85 by Ruth Ferrero Turrión 10. Austria ...................................................................................................................... 93 by Franco Algieri 11. Croatia .................................................................................................................... 103 by Andrew Konitzer 12. Hungary ................................................................................................................. 115 by Beáta Huszka iii 13. Greece .................................................................................................................... 129 by Ioannis Armakolas and Giorgos Triantafyllou 14. Bulgaria .................................................................................................................. 143 by Marin Lessenski 15. Romania ................................................................................................................. 155 by Paul Ivan 16. Cyprus .................................................................................................................... 167 by Isabelle Ioannides 17. Sweden................................................................................................................... 179 by Gunilla Herolf 18. Denmark ................................................................................................................. 189 by Hans Martens 19. Latvia ...................................................................................................................... 199 by Kārlis Bukovskis and Diāna Potjomkina 20. The Netherlands ..................................................................................................... 211 by Steven Blockmans 21. Conclusions and recommendations ........................................................................ 223 by Rosa Balfour and Corina Stratulat Appendices .......................................................................................................................................... 237 iv About the authors Cornelius ADEBAHR is a political analyst and entrepreneur based in Washington, DC, USA, and Berlin, Germany, working on European foreign policy. He is an Associate in the Europe Programme at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and an Associate Fellow of the Research Institute of the German Council on Foreign Relations (DGAP). He furthermore teaches a master’s course on EU-Iran relations at Georgetown University. He studied Political Science (International Relations), Philosophy, Public Law, and International Economics in Tübingen, Paris, and at the Free University Berlin, where he graduated in 2001, before receiving his PhD (Dr. rer. pol.) in 2008. Franco ALGIERI is Associate Professor and Head of the International Relations Department at Webster University Vienna. Prior to that, he was Director of Research at the Austrian Institute for European and Security Policy, a Research Fellow at the Institute for European Politics in Bonn, at the Research Group on European Affairs, University of Mainz, as well as a Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Applied Policy Research, University of Munich. He was a Lecturer at the Geschwister-Scholl-Institute, University of Munich, and at the Institute of Political Science, University of Tübingen. He was appointed Guest Professor at the School of International Studies and Senior Fellow at the Centre for European Studies, both at the Renmin University of China, Beijing. His research covers the development of the European integration process, European and Asian security issues and EU-Asia relations. Ioannis ARMAKOLAS is Assistant Professor at the Department of Balkan, Slavic and Oriental Studies, University of Macedonia, and Head of the South-East Europe Programme of the Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP). He is also the Editor-in-Chief of the journal Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, published by the Taylor and Francis Group. He has extensive research, policy analysis and consulting experience with European and American organisations, with a special focus on post-conflict policymaking in the Western Balkans. He holds a PhD from the University of Cambridge, an MA from the University of Kent and a first degree from Panteion University. Graham AVERY is Senior Adviser at the European Policy Centre (EPC), Senior Member of St. Antony’s College, Oxford University, and Honorary Director-General of the European Commission. He worked for the European Commission in Brussels as a Policy Adviser and Planner in agricultural policy, foreign affairs, enlargement policy, and in the Cabinets of the President and other Commissioners. His last post was as Director for Strategy, Coordination and Analysis in the Directorate General for External Relations. He has been Secretary General of the Trans European Policy Studies Association (TEPSA), Fellow at the Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies of the European University Institute, Florence, Visiting Professor at the College of Europe, Natolin, and Fellow at the Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. Rosa BALFOUR is a former Director of the European Policy Centre (EPC), where she headed the Europe in the World Programme until mid-May 2015. She has since become Senior Adviser to the EPC and has moved to the German Marshall Fund of the United States (GMF). She has researched and published widely on issues relating to European foreign policy and external action, relations with the Mediterranean region, Eastern Europe and the Balkans, EU enlargement, European Neighbourhood Policy, and the role of human rights and democracy in international relations. Her latest work has focused on the EU’s new diplomatic service and its implications for European foreign policy, with a volume published by Ashgate in 2015 (co-edited