Maritime traffic effects on biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea Volume 2 - Legal mechanisms to address maritime impacts on Mediterranean biodiversity Edited by Nilüfer Oral and François Simard IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation / Global Marine Programme cover.indd 2 9/9/08 10:58:41 Maritime traffic effects on biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea Volume 2 - Legal mechanisms to address maritime impacts on Mediterranean biodiversity Edited by Nilüfer Oral and François Simard book.indd 1 5/9/08 10:57:12 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Italian Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea, or IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of Italian Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea or IUCN. This publication has been made possible by funding from the Italian Ministry of Environment, Land and Sea. Published by: IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Malaga, Spain. Copyright: © 2008 International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorized without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Oral, Nilüfer and Simard, François (editors). 2008. Legal mechanisms to address maritime impacts on Mediterranean biodiversity. Malaga, Spain: IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation. 136 pp. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1080-8 Legal deposit: Design & layout by: ATEA (www.atea.es) Copy-editing by: Christopher J. Tribe Cover photo by: François Simard Produced by: IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation Publication Management: Chadi Abi Faraj Printed by: Solprint, Mijas (Malaga), Spain Available from: IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation C/ Marie Curie 35 29590 Campanillas, Malaga, Spain Tel: +34 952 028430 - Fax: +34 952 028145 www.iucn.org/publications This book is printed on paper credits.indd 1 9/9/08 10:59:12 Table of contents List of contributors ........................................................................................................ 5 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 6 Chapter 1 Marine biodiversity, environmental conservation and maritime traffic: An overview of opportunities under the law of the sea to improve marine environmental conservation affected by maritime traffic - Philomène A. Verlaan, J.D., Ph.D. Abbreviations and acronyms ....................................................................... 10 1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 12 2. The 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) .......................................................... 13 3. Relationship of UNCLOS to other relevant legally binding global and regional instruments ..................................... 16 4. Review of IMO’s conventions addressing marine biodiversity and environmental conservation affected by maritime traffic .................................................................... 18 5. Review of the Barcelona Convention and its Protocols relevant to marine biodiversity and environmental conservation affected by maritime traffic ....................... 22 6. Implementation, compliance and enforcement: UNCLOS and IMO Conventions on VSP with particular regard to marine biodiversity and environmental conservation affected by maritime traffic .............................................. 26 7. Conclusions ........................................................................................... 39 8. References ............................................................................................. 40 9. Further reading ....................................................................................... 43 10. Conventions ........................................................................................... 45 Appendix A. Mediterranean coastal State Parties to UNCLOS and relevant IMO Conventions .................................................................... 47 Appendix B. Mediterranean coastal State Parties to the Barcelona Convention and Protocols ................................................ 48 Chapter 2 A review of global experience with particularly sensitive sea areas (PSSAs) - Julian P. Roberts, Ph.D. & J. Siân H. Pullen, Ph.D. Abbreviations and acronyms ....................................................................... 50 1. Executive Summary ............................................................................... 52 2. Introduction ............................................................................................ 55 3. PSSA overview ....................................................................................... 57 4. Historical development of the PSSA concept ........................................ 59 5. Designation process ............................................................................... 61 6. International experience with the PSSA concept ................................... 65 libro2_pruebasssss.indd 3 11/09/2008 10:43:39 7. Valuable lessons learned from state practice ........................................ 78 8. The Mediterranean: a brief history of engagement on PSSAs .......................................................................... 84 9. References ............................................................................................. 86 10. Official Documents ................................................................................. 90 Appendix. Summary of ships’ routeing measures adopted for environmental purposes since 1994 ...................................................... 92 Chapter 3 The application of international measures for the protection of the marine environment from the impacts of shipping - Julian P. Roberts, Ph.D. Abbreviations and acronyms ....................................................................... 96 1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 97 2. Nature of the impacts of shipping .......................................................... 98 3. Legal basis for protection of the marine environment from damage by ships ...................................................... 100 4. Maritime jurisdiction under the law of the sea ....................................... 101 5. Prevention of damage from shipping ..................................................... 105 6. Mitigation of environmental damage ...................................................... 112 7. References ............................................................................................. 116 8. IMO documents ..................................................................................... 119 Chapter 4 Maritime traffic, marine biodiversity and the Green Paper on a future Maritime Policy for the EU - Stamatis Sivitos 1. Introduction ........................................................................................... 122 2. Maritime traffic, marine biodiversity and the EU ................................... 123 3. Green Paper on a future Maritime Policy for the EU ............................. 125 4. Conclusions ........................................................................................... 132 5. References ............................................................................................. 133 libro2_pruebasssss.indd 4 11/09/2008 10:43:39 List of contributors Nilüfer Oral Istanbul Bilgi University Kurtuluş Deresi Cad. No 47 34440 Istanbul, Turkey Co-Chair of the Oceans, Coasts and Coral Reefs Specialists Group of the IUCN Commission on Environmental Law Email [email protected] J. Siân H. Pullen Marine Science & Policy Consultant Emsworth, U.K. Email [email protected] Julian P. Roberts IUCN Global Marine Programme 28 rue Mauverney, CH-1196 Gland, Switzerland Email [email protected] François Simard IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation and IUCN Global Marine Programme PTA, Marie Curie 35, 29590 Campanillas, Málaga, Spain Email [email protected] Stamatis Sivitos European Bureau for Conservation and Development Rue de la Science 10, 1000, Brussels, Belgium Email [email protected] Philomène A. Verlaan School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawaii and IUCN Commission on Environmental Law Email [email protected] List of contributors 5 libro2_pruebasssss.indd 5 11/09/2008 10:43:39 6 Legal mechanisms to address maritime impacts on Mediterranean biodiversity libro2_pruebasssss.indd 6 11/09/2008 10:43:39 Introduction The Mediterranean Sea is a vital maritime protection of the marine environment and marine highway linking with the Atlantic through the biodiversity. Strait of Gibraltar, with the Black Sea through the Turkish Straits and with the Indian Ocean through The first step in devising such a framework of the Suez Canal. Bordered by 22 countries it is a governance is to assess whether the existing sea of multiple seas, each with its own unique international legal framework for shipping