Dealing with salinization in ‘Fryslân’, an elaboration of costs and benefits of applying ‘SeepCat.’ technology. Picture 1. Deltares Picture 2.: “Digital Etalage”, Dutch Library Picture 3. WUR, vital & sustainable soil Keywords: Salinization, ‘SeepCat.’, Drought, Soil, Groundwater and quality, Sea-level rise, Climate Change, Agricultural sector, Cost-Benefit, Water Management. M-EEM; Master of Environmental & Energy Management Anne Hilarides © A. Hilarides 2019. All rights reserved. Nothing from this thesis may be copied or used without written permission in advance from author. 1 Table of Contents List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................................ 4 List of figures ........................................................................................................................................... 4 List of tables ............................................................................................................................................ 5 List of pictures ......................................................................................................................................... 5 List of appendixes .................................................................................................................................... 6 Word of thank ......................................................................................................................................... 7 Some relevant key concepts.................................................................................................................... 8 Chapter 1. Subject of this research, introduction ................................................................................. 11 1.1. Background ................................................................................................................................. 11 1.2. Problem statement ..................................................................................................................... 12 1.3. Research design .......................................................................................................................... 12 Chapter 2. Research method ................................................................................................................. 15 2.1. Practise oriented research ......................................................................................................... 15 2.2. Research framework .................................................................................................................. 15 Chapter 3 Literature review .................................................................................................................. 17 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 17 3.2. Developing of salinization in the Netherlands ........................................................................... 17 3.3. Development of salinization in Friesland .................................................................................. 20 3.4. What is salinization? ................................................................................................................... 24 3.5. Soil .............................................................................................................................................. 27 3.6. Crops ........................................................................................................................................... 31 3.7. Salt tolerance and measuring ..................................................................................................... 33 3.8. Crop management, adaptation strategy .................................................................................... 36 Chapter 4. Who are involved? ............................................................................................................... 40 4.1. The agricultural sector ................................................................................................................ 40 4.1.1. Water use in the agricultural sector .................................................................................... 40 ....................................................................................................................................................... 40 4.1.2. Development ....................................................................................................................... 41 4.2. The Frisian Waterboard .............................................................................................................. 42 4.3. The Province ............................................................................................................................... 43 4.4. Research institutes ..................................................................................................................... 45 4.5. Agricultural organisation ............................................................................................................ 45 4.6. Consumer ................................................................................................................................... 45 Chapter 5: Legal framework and policy ................................................................................................. 47 2 Chapter 6. Other measurements and (ongoing) projects/research ...................................................... 49 6.1 (Ongoing) projects ....................................................................................................................... 49 6.1.1. ‘Spaarwater’ ........................................................................................................................ 49 6.1.2. Own water supply with underlayer storage ........................................................................ 49 6.1.3. Anti-salinization drainage or system drainage .................................................................... 49 6.1.4. Economical use of fresh water ............................................................................................ 50 6.2. Seasonal storage ......................................................................................................................... 50 6.3. ‘Boeren Meten Water’ ............................................................................................................... 51 6.4. Other technological option for pilot area .................................................................................. 52 6.5. Research ..................................................................................................................................... 52 6.5.1. RUG ...................................................................................................................................... 52 6.5.2.RUG and WUR ...................................................................................................................... 53 Chapter 7. The pilot area and state of salinization ............................................................................... 54 7.1. Pilot area .................................................................................................................................... 54 7.2. Geological aspects of the pilot area ........................................................................................... 55 7.3. The agricultural sector and water management situation in the pilot area .............................. 56 Chapter 8. ‘SeepCat.’ ............................................................................................................................. 59 8.1. ‘SeepCat.’ Technology ................................................................................................................ 59 8.2. ‘SeepCat.’ pilot in the Province Zeeland .................................................................................... 59 8.3. Fact sheet Seep Cat. through expert interview .......................................................................... 62 8.4. Social aspects of ‘SeepCat.’ ........................................................................................................ 63 8.5. Ecological aspects of ‘SeepCat.’ ................................................................................................. 63 8.6. Financial aspects of ‘SeepCat.’ ................................................................................................... 65 8.6.1. Overview Costs and Benefits ‘Seepcat.’ .............................................................................. 65 8.6.2. Costs and benefits analyse .................................................................................................. 69 8.6.3. Discussion results and uncertainties ................................................................................... 74 8.7. SWOT .......................................................................................................................................... 76 Chapter 9. Recommendation and conclusion ...................................................................................... 78 References ............................................................................................................................................. 80 3 List of abbreviations ASR = water carrying