INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS IN BRITAIN Industrial Revolution—greatly increases output of machine-made goods Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s Starts with agriculture- large, enclosed farms, wealthy landowners, leads to experimentation with farming methods and tools Crop rotation—switching crops each year to avoid depleting the soil Livestock breeders allow only the best to breed, improve food supply More meat and crops=Better nutrition=fewer go hungry INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION BEGINS IN BRITAIN Britain has natural resources—coal, iron, rivers, harbors Expanding economy in Britain encourages investment Britain has all needed factors of production— land, labor, capital Stable Banking System- most developed in all of Europe Loan money at reasonable interest rate More people able to borrow and invest in better machineries, build new factories, and expand their operations INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Inventors discovered new ways of doing things to make life easier and to get things done faster Pre Industrial Revolution- everything made at home by hand After Industrial Revolution- goods manufactured in factories- buildings that house machines- such as the spinning jenny, power loom, water frames, steam engine, and later the cotton gin Urbanization- People moved from villages to cities to work in mines and textile factories Before IR, most people lived in small villages and worked hard 7 days a week from morning until night and still struggled to make a living FACTORY LIFE Work 12-14 hours a day; 6 days a week Poor working conditions- Dirty, poorly lit, and dangerous due to low ceilings and locked windows and doors. Paid low wages and would reduce wages if late, made a mistake, or business bad. Men: 10-15 shillings per week Women: 5 shillings per week Children: 1 shilling per week Most dangerous jobs and received least pay Beaten with leather strap if too slow or late Child labor -Worked in textile factories, brickyards, and coal mines Eventually…gov’t concerned about working conditions for kids and passed laws- Conditions still bad compared to today INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION PROS & CONS NEGATIVES BENEFITS For some workers led hard lives Creates jobs, enriches nation, Low wages encourages technological progress Insecure employment Education expands, clothing cheaper, Child labor diet and housing improve 14 hour work days Workers eventually win shorter hours, better wages and conditions Weakened family values Runaway children Raise standard of living - Quality of life INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN THE US U.S. has natural and labor resources needed to industrialize Samuel Slater, English textile worker, builds textile mill in U.S. Lowell, Massachusetts a mechanized textile center by 1820 Manufacturing towns spring up around factories across the country Young single women flock to factory towns, work in textile mills Clothing, shoemaking industries soon mechanize TRANSFORMATION OF SOCIETY Europe and U.S. gain economic power African and Asian economies lag, based on agriculture Rise of middle class strengthens democracy, calls for social reform Rise of Global Inequality Wealth gap widens; non-industrialized countries fall further behind European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies for resources Imperialism spreads due to need for raw materials, markets UNIONS Unions—associations formed by laborers to work for change Negotiate for better pay, shorter hours, and better working conditions with employers Sometimes they strike- workers stop working until demands are met by their employers -to pressure owners Before unions, if a worker complained about conditions, they would be replaced Workers realize it is harder for factory to replace a larger group of workers, so formed unions. Skilled workers are first to form unions REFORM British and U.S. laws passed to stop worst abuses of industrialization 1842 Mines Act in Britain stops women, children working underground 1847, workday for women, children limited to 10 hours in Britain U.S. ends child labor, sets maximum hours in 1904 The Abolition of Slavery- 1833 ends in Great Britain, 1865 in US and 1888 the rest of the Americas Women pursue economic and social rights International Council for Women founded 1888; worldwide membership Reforms Spread to Many Areas of Life- public education in Europe and the US THE PHILOSOPHERS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION Laissez-faire - “Leave alone”- economic policy of not interfering with businesses What’s good for entrepreneur is good for people Competition makes people do their best Government should not meddle Originates with Enlightenment economic philosophers ADAM SMITH- CAPITALISM Professor in Scotland, wrote The Wealth of Nations Law of Self-Interest – people work for their own good Law of Competition – forces people to make a better product Law of Supply and Demand – Enough goods would be produced at the lowest possible price to meet demand Capitalism: Country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit- not owned by the state Money is invested in business to make a profit Business is conducted with little or no government regulation SOCIALISM Factors of production owned by the gov’t and operate for the welfare of all Strive for social equality, gov’t must act to protect workers Gov’t distributes goods according to what a person needs KARL MARX German journalist Wrote The Communist Manifesto Societies have always been divided into warring classes Bourgeoisie - “haves”- rich and Proletariat - “have nots”- poor Predicts that workers (proletariat) would overthrow the owners (bourgeoisie) “Proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. Workingmen of all countries unite.” COMMUNISM Marx defines it: a form of complete socialism in which the means of production would be owned by the people All land, mines, factories, railroads, owned by the people Private property would cease to exist All goods and services shared equally Classless society These ideas take root in places like China, Cuba, and Russia ANARCHISM The Absence of government Theory that people will use common sense and come together in agreement Common ownership and distribution according to need.