See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318920887 Phylogeography of two intertidal seaweeds, Gelidium lingulatum and G. rex (Rhodophyta: Gelidiales), along the... Article in Marine Biology · September 2017 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-017-3219-5 CITATIONS READS 0 124 8 authors, including: Boris A López Florence Tellier Universidad de Los Lagos Universidad Catolica de la Santisima Concep… 31 PUBLICATIONS 149 CITATIONS 129 PUBLICATIONS 316 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Erasmo C Macaya Fadia Tala University of Concepción Universidad Católica del Norte (Chile) 77 PUBLICATIONS 649 CITATIONS 50 PUBLICATIONS 587 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Trait-Based structure of reef fishes: towards an understanding of assembly rules across biogeographic scales View project Analysis of Life-History Traits in a Sex-Changing Marine Shrimp (Decapoda: Caridea: Rhynchocinetidae) View project All content following this page was uploaded by Boris A López on 22 August 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Mar Biol (2017) 164:188 DOI 10.1007/s00227-017-3219-5 ORIGINAL PAPER Phylogeography of two intertidal seaweeds, Gelidium lingulatum and G. rex (Rhodophyta: Gelidiales), along the South East Pacifc: patterns explained by rafting dispersal? Boris A. López1,2 · Florence Tellier3,4 · Juan C. Retamal‑Alarcón3 · Karla Pérez‑Araneda3,4 · Ariel O. Fierro3 · Erasmo C. Macaya5,6,7 · Fadia Tala8,9 · Martin Thiel6,8,10 Received: 31 October 2016 / Accepted: 4 August 2017 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017 Abstract Rafting on foating seaweeds facilitates disper- respectively) were characterized using a mitochondrial sal of associated organisms, but there is little information marker (COI) and, for a subset, using a chloroplastic marker on how rafting afects the genetic structure of epiphytic (rbcL). Gelidium lingulatum had higher genetic diversity, seaweeds. Previous studies indicate a high presence of sea- but its genetic structure did not follow a clear geographic weeds from the genus Gelidium attached to foating bull kelp pattern, while G. rex had less genetic diversity with a shal- Durvillaea antarctica (Chamisso) Hariot. Herein, we ana- low genetic structure and a phylogeographic break coincid- lyzed the phylogeographic patterns of Gelidium lingulatum ing with the phylogeographic discontinuity described for (Kützing 1868) and G. rex (Santelices and Abbott 1985), this region (29°S–33°S). In G. lingulatum, no isolation- species that are partially co-distributed along the Chilean by-distance was observed, in contrast to G. rex. The phy- coast (28°S–42°S). A total of 319 individuals from G. lin- logeographic pattern of G. lingulatum could be explained gulatum and 179 from G. rex (20 and 11 benthic localities, mainly by rafting dispersal as an epiphyte of D. antarctica, although other mechanisms cannot be completely ruled out (e.g., human-mediated dispersal). The contrasting pattern Responsibile Editor: O. Puebla. observed in G. rex could be attributed to other factors such as intertidal distribution (i.e., G. rex occurs in the lower Reviewed by Undisclosed experts. zone compared to G. lingulatum) or diferential efciency of recruitment after long-distance dispersal. This study indi- Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00227-017-3219-5) contains supplementary cates that rafting dispersal, in conjunction with the intertidal material, which is available to authorized users. 6 * Florence Tellier Millennium Nucleus Ecology and Sustainable Management [email protected] of Oceanic Island (ESMOI), Coquimbo, Chile 7 1 Centro FONDAP de Investigaciones en Dinámica de Doctorado en Biología y Ecología Aplicada, Universidad Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile Chile 2 Departamento de Acuicultura y Recursos Agroalimentarios, 8 Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias del Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno, Chile Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile 3 Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, 9 Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico en Algas Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, (CIDTA), Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile Concepción, Chile 10 4 Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Coquimbo, Chile Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Chile 5 Laboratorio de Estudios Algales ALGALAB, Departamento de Oceanografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográfcas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile Vol.:(0123456789)1 3 188 Page 2 of 19 Mar Biol (2017) 164:188 distribution, can modulate the phylogeographic patterns of of foating species, but also of their epibiont communities seaweeds. (Thiel and Haye 2006). Only a few studies have evaluated the efects of rafting on the genetic diversity and structure of epibionts (also called Introduction secondary rafters), focusing mostly on animals associated with foating kelps (see Nikula et al. 2010, 2011a, b, 2013; The dispersal ability of marine species is a major trait deter- Cumming et al. 2014). In their recent review of phylogeo- mining the genetic structure of their benthic populations graphic studies on non-buoyant seaweeds associated with (Weersing and Toonen 2009; Selkoe and Toonen 2011; Haye foating substrata, Macaya et al. (2016) have shown that most et al. 2014). In general, species with high dispersal ability of these epibionts present low genetic structure and high (i.e., presence of planktonic larvae, swimming or crawling genetic connectivity among populations. Nevertheless, in structures in adults) tend to have lower genetic structure due most cases the authors of the genetic studies only suggested to higher gene fow between geographically distant popula- this connectivity via rafting of foating seaweeds and could tions compared to species with direct development (absence not completely exclude other vectors of dispersal (e.g., foat- of larvae) or low mobility (e.g., Dawson et al. 2014; Haye ing marine litter, see Kiessling et al. 2015). et al. 2014). However, other factors such as oceanographic, A good choice to study the phylogeography of epibionts geological, geographical and ecological features can also is conducting research in areas where there is extensive prior afect connectivity, and therefore, the distribution of genetic information about abundances and environmental factors diversity (Palumbi 1994). In particular, on rocky shores, the that could afect the persistence of foating substrata, espe- tidal height where the organisms are distributed might infu- cially detached seaweeds. In particular, one of the oceans ence the genetic structure of local populations, with species where there have been several studies on rafting and phylo- from medium and high tidal levels having greater genetic geography of seaweeds is the South East Pacifc coast (SEP, structure than species from the low intertidal or subtidal ~14°S to 56°S) (Thiel and Gutow 2005b; Fraser et al. 2010; zone (Kelly and Palumbi 2010). This is frequently assumed Macaya and Zuccarello 2010a, b; see also for review Guil- to be due to the patchiness and greater variety of environ- lemin et al. 2016a). In this zone, phylogeographic studies of mental stresses in the high- to mid-intertidal zones that may benthic species (invertebrates and seaweeds) have focused generate diferential natural selection than in lower zones on testing the concordance between the proposed biogeo- where the conditions tend to be more homogeneous. Sev- graphic boundaries (at 30°S and 42°S) and phylogeographic eral studies have reported this pattern, which tends to be breaks (for recent reviews see Haye et al. 2014; Guillemin more prevalent in seaweeds and sessile invertebrates (Engel et al. 2016a). In particular, seaweed species with low dis- et al. 2004; Billard et al. 2005; Valero et al. 2011; Krueger- persal ability presented notorious phylogeographic breaks, Hadfeld et al. 2013; Robuchon et al. 2014). suggesting that evolutionary lineages constitute distinct Seaweeds from intertidal or shallow subtidal habitats are phylogenetic species, as in the intertidal macroalgae Les- considered good models for phylogeographic studies (Hu sonia nigrescens (now separated into L. berteroana and L. et al. 2016). This is due to the complex reproductive cycles spicata; Tellier et al. 2009; González et al. 2012) and Maz- (alternation of haploid and diploid phases) of numerous spe- zaella laminarioides (Montecinos et al. 2012). On the other cies from all seaweed divisions that may afect the genetic hand, seaweeds with high dispersal ability have shallow structure of their populations (Krueger-Hadfeld and Hoban phylogeographic breaks and a low genetic structure, such 2016), coupled with the low dispersal capacity of spores as the foating kelp Macrocystis pyrifera (Macaya and Zuc- (Santelices 1980; Destombe et al. 1992). However, other carello 2010a, b). A distinct phylogeographic pattern (i.e., mechanisms such as rafting permit dispersal over long dis- strong genetic structure and high values of genetic diversity) tances (Thiel and Haye 2006; Muhlin et al. 2008; Fraser has been reported for the bull kelp Durvillaea antarctica, a et al. 2009a; 2010; Coyer et al. 2011a, b). For example, species with a high dispersal potential by rafting,