- ' ; C\'- ' ' Experience with Regional Planning and Village Development in Arusha Region, Tanzania Volume One Final Report, prepared by the DAI Technical Assistance Team, Arusha Planning and Village Development Project In fulfillment of requirements under contract number AID/AFR-C-1556 for technical assistance to the Arusha Planning and Village Development Project March 1983 DAT Developmnt Alternatives, Inc. 624 Ninth Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20301 i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PART ONE: OVERVIEW 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..... ............. 3 CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY OF APVDP ACCOMPLISHMENTS . 5 OVERV IEW . ..... ..... ...... 5 BUILDING PLANNING, IMP-"EMENTATION, AND EVALUATION CAPACITY ... ....... ..... ........... 5 The Regional Planning Exercise ................... 6 Building Local Capacity ....................... 9 NATURAL RESOURCES AND LAND USE PLANNING ..... ........ 10 Agriculture .. .................. L ivestockLietok....................................1 ... *1 Natural Resources Use and Conservation..... ...... 13 RURAL INDUSTRIES ......... .......... ........ 14 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC INFRASTRUCTURE............. 16 Water Systems Development .... ............. 16 Road System Development ... ........ .. 17 SUMMARY .... ..................... 18 NOTES ..... ........................ 19 CHAPTER THREE: ORGANIZATION AND OPERATTONS .... ...... ,3 INTRODUCTION ....... .................... 23 DAI ORGANIZATION AND OPERATIONS IN SUPPORT OF APVDP . 23 Team Recruitment and Selection ............. .24 The Advance Team ....... ................. 25 FIELD TEAM MANAGEMENT ................. 26 Management Structure . .. ................. 26 Planning and Reporting..... ............... 26 Team Meetings ....... ................... 27 Personal Management ... .......... .... 27 DAI HOME OFFICE BACKSTOPPING ..... ............. 27 PROCUREMENT AND LOGISTICS ..... ............... 28 Commodity Procurement for APVDP .. .......... 28 SHIPMENTS .......... ....................... 28 FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT AND CONTRACT INFORMATION 30 DAI MANAGEMENT AND SUPE3VISION........ ............. 31 PROJECT STRUCTURE AND OPERATIONS ... ............ 32 INTERACTION WITH AID ....... .............. 33 ii CHAPTER FOUR: MAJOR LESSONS FROM APVDP . 35 OVERVIEW....................... .......... THE REGIONAL PLANNING EXERCISE........ ............. 36 LOCAL DEVELOPMENT ....... ................... 37 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE .................. 38 SUSTAINABILITY ........ ..................... 39 PART TWO: INDIVIDUAL TEAM MEMBER REPORTS 41 INTRODUCTORY NOTE ....... ................... 43 PROJECT MANAGEMENT BY MICHAEL SARCO .. .......... 45 REGIONAL PLANNING BY ALAN JOHNSTON ... ......... 57 THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR BY DOUGLAS CARTER ....... 81 RESOURCE MANAGEMENT BY DAVID AND THAD PETERSON .... 95 SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRIES SECTOR BY HUGH ALLEN ...... 105 WATER SYSTEMS SECTOR BY JOSEPH GADEK . ......... 117 VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT: ARUMERU DISTRICT BY JOHN ?HEELER ....... ................... 133 VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT: HANANG DISTRICT BY DAVID KRAYBILL . ................ 149 VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT: MBULU DISTRICT BY LYNN SCHLUETER ...... ................. 165 VILLAGE PARTICIPATORY APPROACHES BY JOYCE STANLEY . 181 THE RESOURCE CENTER BY SALLY JOHNSTON .......... 207 PART THREE: TANZANIAN VIEWS 213 INTRODUCTION ................................ 215 A SUMMARY OF KEY ACHIEVEMENTS AND FAILURES OF APVDP . 219 THE PLAN AND PLANNING CAPABILITY . ......... .220 The Plan ........ ..................... 220 Building Planning Capability ... ........... 222 The Information Strategy for Planning ....... 224 TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE ....... ............... 226 The Resident Technical Assistance Team ...... 226 Consultants ........ ................. 228 PROJECT APPROACH *.'.*.*.'.*.*.*.......... .....229 .. Working with Government .... .............. 229 Working with the Party .... .............. 231 Training for Rural Development .. .......... 232 An Integrated Approach to Rural Development . 232 iii THE VILLAGE-LEVEL PROGRAM ..... ............... 233 The Village-Level Program as a Pilot ....... 234 A Bottom-Up Approach to Planning Village-Level Activities ... ............ 235 Loans ..................................... 237 SUSTAINABILITY: WHAT WILL AND WHAT WILL NOT SURVIVE . 237 CONCLUSIONS ......... ...................... 239 ANNEX A: LIST OF CONSULTANTS AND STAFF ......... A-I ANNEX B: ARUSHA PLANNING AND VILLAGE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT DEMONSTRATION ... .......... B-1 ANNEX C: PROJECT PROPOSALS AND COORDINATION WITH OTHER DONORS ........ .................. C-I ANNEX D: SUMMARY OF DAI CONTRACT EXPENSES . D-I 1 PART ONE OVERVIEW 3 CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION In 1979, Development Alternatives, Inc. (DAI) was selected by the United States Agency for International Development (AID) by the Government of Tanzania and to provide technical assistance to the Arusha Planning and Village Development purpose Project (APVDP). The of this report is to describe and draw experience lessons from the of that project, in fulfillment of under DAI's obligations contract number AID/AFR-C-1556 with AID. APVDP was a unique development. exr-rience process that combired the of regional planning with the sLmultaneous local development initia-,-Aon of activities. DAI was selected as the contractor with the prime full participation of national and regional Tanzanian government officials in the Their participation AID contracting process. provided the basis for the positive action and support inter­ given to the project and to DAI throughout project's three and one--half the year life. In the end, the many accomplishments of this project were the result of the efforts of the covernment and people of Tanzania. The project was designed as the first stage effort by of a long-term AID and the Government of Tanzania to ment assistance provide develop­ to Arusha Region -- an area of kilometers, with a population over 82,000 square of about 1 million people. Unfortu­ nately, despite a positive midterm evaluation, AID was unable continue its commitment to to the project as a result of cutbacks in its overall. foreign assistance decision budget to Tanzania. Had this been foreseen, the strategy for project implementation design and would have been quite different. through the project's Nonetheless, regional planning activities and the testing of local development initiatives, a foundation was laid for future regional development decision making. This report reflects primarily the views of contractor for APVDP, DAI as the prime and consists of two volumes. The presents the accomplishments first of the project, the method of support given by the technical assistance contractor, learned. and the lessons Also included are the individual reports, as well DAI team member as a survey of the reactions to the project Tanzanian of 90 officials at various administrative levels both team members and (the views of officials were affected by AID's early termination decision). The second volume details the information activities major of the project, and presents an annotated bibliography of the 350 documents prepared studies under it, including 169 in support of regional planning and 181 local development project-specific, activity profiles and documents. It that the lessons from this is hoped project, the most important of which is that achieving development objectives requires a long-term perspective, will be useful to the planning of future foreign assistance projects. 5 CHAPTER TWO SUMMARY OF APVDP ACCOMPLISHMENTS OVERVIEW The Arusha Planning and Village Development Project was implemented from July 1979 to March 1983. of the Government It was a joint effort of Tanzania, which contributed $6.5 million, the U.S. Agency and for International Development, which provided grant of $14.5 a million. Development Alternatives, Inc. over 949 person months of provided technical assistance (see Annex A), as well as procurement, logistics, and management support. APVDP combined the process of regional simultaneous planning with the development and implementation of village generating activities. The income­ regional planning process provided a decision-making framework for the future development of the Region. The local development Arusha activities added ideas and realism to the planning process, while contributing directly to improve­ ments in the quality of life of rural villages. The project had four overall objectives: o To strengthen planning, implementation, and evaluation capabilities at the regional. district, and village levels; * To improve agricultural production, including crops, livestock, and natural resources; * To identify and promote other economic activities, primarily rural industries; and 9 To improve social and economic infrastructure directly related to productive activities (primarily water and roads systems). BUILDING PLANNING, IMPLEMENTATION, AND EVALUATION CAPACITY One of the overall objectives of APVDP quality of regional, was to improve the district, and village planning and project development. This involved the completion of regional planning exercises for Arusha Region as well as specific traininq and capacity-building activities. 6 The Reqional Planning Exercise[l] The strategy for regional planning was formulated through a comparative analysis of other Regional Integrated Programs,[2] Development study tours to four other reqions, and technical advice.C31 The main elements of the strategy were that: * The planning process should be evolutionary. Rather than drawing up a lengthy "blueprint" 'or development, the planning in the region would be done