TEXTILE SPINNING Textile Technology knowledge series Volume II TEXCOMS TEXTILE SOLUTIONS APRIL 21, 2019 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Review of yarn production ........................................................................................ 1 1. Introduction: ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Historical basis ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Major developments of textile production ....................................................................... 3 1.3 Introduction to Yarns ....................................................................................................... 4 1.4 Classification of Yarns ..................................................................................................... 4 1.4.1 Staple Yarns ............................................................................................................................ 6 1.4.2 Continuous-Filament Yarns .................................................................................................... 7 1.4.3 Novelty Yarns ......................................................................................................................... 8 1.4.4 Industrial Yarns ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.4.5 High-Bulk Yarns ...................................................................................................................... 8 1.4.6 Stretch Yarns .......................................................................................................................... 8 1.5 Staple-Fibre Yarns ........................................................................................................... 9 1.5.1 Spinning Methods .................................................................................................................. 9 1.5.2 Operations in Staple-Fibre Spinning .................................................................................... 10 1.5.3 Yarn Structure ...................................................................................................................... 11 1.5.4 Applications of Staple-Spun Yarns ....................................................................................... 12 1.6 Filament Yarns ............................................................................................................... 14 1.6.1 Spinning Methods ................................................................................................................ 14 1.6.2 Polymer Spinning Processes ................................................................................................ 15 1.6.3 Structures of Continuous Filament Yarns ............................................................................ 19 1.6.4 Applications of Filament Yarn .............................................................................................. 19 1.7 Fancy Yarns ................................................................................................................... 19 1.7.1 Marl Yarn .............................................................................................................................. 19 1.7.2 Spiral or Corkscrew Yarn ...................................................................................................... 20 1.7.3 Gimp Yarn ............................................................................................................................. 20 1.7.4 Diamond Yarn ...................................................................................................................... 20 1.7.5 Boucle Yarn .......................................................................................................................... 21 1.7.6 Loop Yarn ............................................................................................................................. 21 1.7.7 Snarl Yarn ............................................................................................................................. 22 1.7.8 Knop Yarn ............................................................................................................................. 22 1.7.9 Slub Yarn .............................................................................................................................. 23 i 1.7.10 Fasciated Yarn .................................................................................................................... 23 1.7.11 Tape Yarn ........................................................................................................................... 24 1.7.12 Chainette Yarn ................................................................................................................... 24 1.7.13 Chenille Yarn ...................................................................................................................... 24 1.7.14 Ribbon Yarns ...................................................................................................................... 25 1.7.15 Composite Yarns ................................................................................................................ 25 1.7.16 Covered Yarns .................................................................................................................... 25 1.7.17 Metallic Yarns ..................................................................................................................... 25 1.8 Staple-Fibre Yarn Manufacturing .................................................................................. 26 1.8.1 Ring (Conventional) Spinning ............................................................................................... 26 1.8.2 Hollow-Spindle Spinning ...................................................................................................... 29 1.8.3 Combined Systems ............................................................................................................... 31 1.8.4 The Doubling System ........................................................................................................... 31 1.8.5 Open-End Spinning .............................................................................................................. 33 1.8.6 Air-Jet Spinning .................................................................................................................... 37 1.8.7 The Chenille Yarn System ..................................................................................................... 37 1.8.8 Flocking ................................................................................................................................ 38 1.8.9 Mock Chenille ....................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter 2 Fibre to Yarn Staple Fibre Spinning Preparation .................................................... 40 2.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 40 2.2 Preparation of Cotton and Other Short Staple Fibres .................................................... 42 2.3 General Principles of Short Staple Spinning ................................................................. 44 2.3.1 Opening and Cleaning .......................................................................................................... 47 2.3.2 Factors Influencing Opening & Cleaning .............................................................................. 52 2.3.3 The Blow Room .................................................................................................................... 52 2.3.4 Blow Room Machinery ......................................................................................................... 53 2.4 Blow Room Accessories ................................................................................................ 74 2.5 The Carding Process ...................................................................................................... 76 2.5.1 Functions of Carding ............................................................................................................ 77 2.5.2 Types of Carding Machines .................................................................................................. 77 2.5.3 Carding Action ...................................................................................................................... 79 2.5.4 Material Feed To the Card ................................................................................................... 80 2.5.5 The Chute Feed System ........................................................................................................ 83 ii 2.5.6 Card Feeding Device ............................................................................................................. 85 2.6 Dual or Tandem Carding ............................................................................................... 92 2.7 The Combing Process .................................................................................................... 93 2.7.1 Comber Lap Preparation ...................................................................................................... 95 2.7.2 Methods of Comber Lap Preparation .................................................................................