Paper -19 NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN INDIA BLOCK INTRODUCTION The Indian national movement was undoubtiy one of the biggest mass movement modern societies has ever seen. It was also popular and multi-class movement. It was basically the result of a fundamental contradiction between the interest of the Indian people and that of British colonialism. The Indian people were able to see that India was regressing economically and undergoing a process of underdevelopment. This anti-colonial ideology and critique of colonialism wase disseminated during the mass phase of the movement. The Indian National Congress which emerged in 1885, Championed the cause of Indian people. In derived its entire strength, especially after 1918 from the militancy and self sacrificing sprit of the masses. Satyagraha as a form of struggle was based on the active participation of the people and on the sympathy and support of the non-participating millions. The non-cooperation movement, the civil-dies-obedience movement and the quit-India movement were the reflection of the popularity of the Congress. The Muslim League which formed in 1906 gradually widened its base. The move towards Pakistan became inevitable when Jinnah and the Muslim League basing themselves on the theory that Hindu and Muslim were two nations which must have separate homeland, Put forward the demand for Pakistan. So on 15th August 1947, a hard-earned, prized freedom were own after long, glorious years of struggle but a bloody, tragic partition rent asunder the fabric of the emerging free nation. Paper 19 deals with nationalist movement in India. It is divided into four units. The Unit-l deals with character of colonialism in India. It also deals with administrative structure and policies of colonialism. The section two deals with the different conceptual debates relating to nationalism. The third section deals with the Revolt of1857. The last section deals with birth political association before 1885 a d growth of Nationalism in India... The Unit-11 delineates the factors responsible for the growth of Indian National Congress. The second section deals with extremist and revolutionary movement. The third section deals with Swadeshi movement in Bengal. The last section deals with Extremist-Moderates Conflict and Surat spilt of1907.Honme rule movement, Ghaddar Movement and Non –Cooperation movement were discussed in the last section. The Unit-lll analyses t he formation and working of the Swaraj party. In the next section it deals with Civil Disobdience Movement and revolutionary terrorist . The last section describes civil disobedience movementand Revolutionary terrorist movement.In the last section growth Communalism and 1937 election were discussed. Unit-IV deals with the growth of Communalism, Pakisthan Movement, Muslim Leage and Hindu Mahasabha.Second section deals with State’s people movement.Outbreak of second world war,Crips proposal and Quit India movemend were discussed in the next section. Last ssection deals with INA and Subash Chandra Bose. ln the sixthsection Simla Conference and cabinet Mission Plan have been discussed. The last section dealswith partition and Independence. UNIT-1 Structure 1.0 Objectives 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Various stages of colonialism in India. 1.2.1 Rise of British Capitalism in India 1.2.2 Monopoly of Indian trade. 1.2.3 New Trade Policy 1.2.4 Impact on Peasantry 1.2.5 Rise of middle class 1.2.6 Indian Industrial Capitalist Class 1.2.7 Modern Intelligentia. 1.3 Change in the Administrative structure and police. 1.3.1 Revenue Administration. 1.3.2 The Judicial System 1.3.3 The service. 1.3.4 Civil Service. 1 .3.5 Military Administration. 1.3.6 Educational System 1.3.7 Relation with colonial interest. 1.4 Approaches to Nationalism. 1.4.1 Nationalist Approach 1.4.2 Marxist Approach 1.4.3 Imperialist Approach 1.5. Revolt of 1857. 1.5.1 Nature and Character. 1.5.2 An assessment of various causes. 1.5 .3 Causes of Failure of the Mutiny. 1.5.4 Effect of the Mutiny. 1.6. Political Association before 1BSS. 1.6.1. Role of Raja Ram Mohan Ray. 1 .6.2. Landholder Society. 1.6.3. East India Association. 1.6.4. Poona Sarvajanika Sabha. 1.6.5. The Indian Association. 1.6.6. The Madras Mahajan Sabha. 1.7 Growth of National Conscious 1.7.1Character of Indian Nationalism 1.7.2 Factors responsible for growth of Nationalism 1.7.3 Effets of Nationalism. 1.8 Growth of National Consciousness 1.8.1 Factors responsible for growth of Nationalism 1.8.2 Effects of nationalisms OBJECTIVES The point of this unit is to introduce you different stages of colonialism and changes inthe administrative structure which were introduced by the British Govt. to perperpetuate the Britishrule in India. Another objective is to assess the different uprisings against the British rule. Variousassociations which were formed before 1885 are also discussed in the Unit. After studying thisUnit you should be able to: • Trace the various phases of colonialism in India. • Learn different administrative changes introduced by the British. • Know different approaches to Nationalism. • Understand the nature of the Revolt of 1857 . • Familiarise the causes behind the result of 1857. • Learn the result of 1857 revolt. • Know about different political Association formed before 1885 .Know the growth of Indian Nationalism s INTRODUCTION As a result of British rule, India was transformed by the end of the 19th Century into a classic colony. It was a major market for British manufactures, a big source of raw materials and food-stuff, and an important field for the investment of British Capital. Its agriculture was highly taxed for the benefit of imperial interests. The bulk of the transport system, modern mines and industries, foreign trade, coastal and international shipping, and banks and insurance companieswere all under foreign control. India provided employment to thousands of middle-class Englishmenand nearly one third of its revenues were spent in paying salaries to Englishmen. The Indianarmy acted as the Chief instrument for maintaining the far- flung British Empire and protectingand promoting British imperial interests in East, South-East, Central and West Asia and North,East and South Africa. Above all, Indian economy and social development were completely subordinated to Britisheconomy and social development. Indian economy was integrated into the world capitalist economyin a subordinate position and with a peculiar international division of Iabour. During the very yearsafter 1760 when Britain was developing into the leading developed, capitalist country of the world,India was being underdeveloped into becoming the leading backward, colonial country of theworld. In fact, the two processes were interdependent in terms of cause and effect. The entirestructure of economic relations between Britain and involving trade, finance and technologycontinuously developed India's colonial dependence and underdevelopment. 1.2 Nature of Colonialism in various stages of British Rule From 1757 the British had used their control over India to promote their own interest. But it would be wrong to think that the basic character of their rule remained the same throughout. It passes through several stages in its long history of nearly 200 years. The nature of British ruleand imperialism, as so its policies and impact, changed with changing pattern of Britain's ownsocial economic and political development. To begin with that is even before 1857, the English East India Company was interestedonly in making money. It wanted a monopoly of the trade with India and the East, so that therewould be no other English or European merchants or trading companies to compete with it. Thecompany also did not want the Indian merchants to compete with it for the purchase in India orsale abroad of Indian products. In other words, the company wanted to sell its products at as higha price as possible and buy Indian products as cheaply as possible so that it could make themaximum profits. This would not be possible if there was ordinary trade in which various companiesand persons competed. It was easy enough to keep out its English competitors by using briberyand various other economic and political means to persuade the British Government to grant the East India Company a monopoly of the right to trade with India and the East. But the British lawscould not keep out the merchants and the trading companies of other European nations. TheEast India Company had therefore to wage long and fierce wars to achieve their aim. Since thetrading areas were far away across many seas, the company had to maintain a powerful navy. It was also not easy to prevent competition from the Indian merchants since they were protected by the powerful Mughal Empire. In fact, in the 17th Century and the early part of the 18th Century the very right to trade inside India had to be secured by humbly petitioning the Mughal emperors and their provincial Governors. But as the Mughal Empire became weak in theearly 18th Century, and the far-flung coastal areas began to get out of control, the company increasingly used its superior naval power to maintain its trading presence along the IndianCoast and to drive out the Indian merchants from coastal and foreign trade.There was another very important consideration. The Company required large amounts ofmoney to wage wars both in India and on the high seas and to maintain naval forces and armiesand forts and trading posts in India. Neither the British Government nor the East India Companypossessed such large financial resources. At least a part of the money, therefore, had to beraised in India. The Company did this through local taxation in its coastal fortified towns such asCalcutta, Madras and Bombay, Gradually it became necessary to expand its territories in India inorder to be able to levy more taxes over larger areas and increase their financial resources.