TØI report 1422/2015 Erik Figenbaum Marika Kolbenstvedt Competitive Electric Town Transport Main results from COMPETT – an Electromobility+ project TØI Report 1422/2015 Competitive Electric Town Transport Main results from COMPETT – an Electromobility+ project Erik Figenbaum Marika Kolbenstvedt This report is covered by the terms and conditions specified by the Norwegian Copyright Act. Contents of the report may be used for referencing or as a source of information. Quotations or references must be attributed to the Institute of Transport Economics (TØI) as the source with specific mention made to the author and report number. For other use, advance permission must be provided by TØI. ISSN 0808-1190 ISBN 978-82-480-1196-5 Electronic version Oslo, august 2015 Title: Competitive Electric Town Transport. Main results Tittel: Competitive Electric Town Transport. Main results from from COMPETT – and Electromobility+ project COMPETT – and Electromobility+ project Author(s): Erik Figenbaum Forfattere: Erik Figenbaum Marika Kolbenstvedt Marika Kolbenstvedt Date: 05.2015 Dato: 05.2015 TØI report: 1422/2015 TØI rapport: 1422/2015 Pages 127 Sider 127 ISBN Electronic: 978-82-480-1196-5 ISBN Elektronisk: 978-82-480-1196-5 ISSN 0808-1190 ISSN 0808-1190 Financed by: EU 7th FP (Electromobility+) Finansieringskilde: EU 7th FP (Electromobility+) The Research Council of Norway Norges forskningsråd Transnova Transnova Project: 3826 - Compett Prosjekt: 3826 - Compett Project manager: Erik Figenbaum Prosjektleder: Erik Figenbaum Quality manager: Terje Assum Kvalitetsansvarlig: Terje Assum Key words: Barriers Emneord: Barrierer Driving pattern Elbil Electric Vehicles Insentiver Incentives Kjøremønster Policies Politikk Summary: Sammendrag: The main research question of the Electromobility+ project Forskningsmålet til COMPETT var a forstå: «hvordan elbiler kan tas COMPETT was: “How can e-vehicles come into use to a i bruk i større grad». Prosjektet undersøkte elbilmarkedet, bilkjøreres greater degree?”. The project investigated the e-vehicle market, reisemønstre, bilkostnader, virkninger av insentiver, gjennomførte travel behaviour of drivers, cost of vehicles, the effectiveness of “case” studier i Norge og Østerrike, målte elbiler støyegenskaper og incentives, did case studies in Norway and Austria, measured utviklet beregningsmodellen SERAPIS. Faktorer som påvirker noise of these vehicles and developed the SERAPIS model. elbilsalget er bilkjøperes holdninger og kunnskap om elbiler, Factors influencing e-vehicle sales are: Customers values and elbilenes praktiske egenskaper og relative fordeler, politikk og attitudes, knowledge, the vehicles practicality and relative insentiver. advantage, policies and incentives. Barrierer er kostnader, rekkevidde, kjennskap til elbiler, Barrier are cost, range, awareness, infrastructure availability tilgjengelighet av ladeinfrastruktur og ladetid. Mesteparten av and charge time. Most daily travel can be done with BEVs and daglige reiser kan gjennomføres med elbiler og husholdninger med multi vehicle households and fleets adopt them easily. Most mer enn en bil og bilflåter tar dem enkelt i bruk. De fleste eiere lader owners charge at home. Awareness raising is essential in the bilene hjemme. Tiltak for gjøre elbiler mer kjent er essensielt i initial phase of deployment. Incentives can be effective in starten av spredning av elbiler. Insentiver kan øke salget når de increasing sales when implemented as a stable framework, but implementeres som et stabilt rammeverk, men kan også bli en byrde can also burden government budgets. Smart policies can for offentlige budsjetter. Smart politkkutforming kan redusere den reduce that burden. byrden. Language of report: English This report is available only in electronic version. Rapporten utgis kun i elektronisk utgave. Institute of Transport Economics Transportøkonomisk Institutt Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway Gaustadalleen 21, 0349 Oslo Telefon 22 57 38 00 - www.toi.no Telefon 22 57 38 00 - www.toi.no Copyright © Transportøkonomisk Institutt Denne publikasjonen er vernet i henhold til Åndsverkloven av 1961 Ved gjengivelse av materiale fra publikasjonen, må fullstendig kilde oppgis Preface Transport is a necessary activity in all societies. Transport connects countries and regions together, giving people access to various activities and aspects of social welfare, as well as making goods and services provided by businesses and public institutions available to users. At the same time, transportation provides considerable challenges to the environment and the climate. The electrification of vehicles is one important way of achieving the goals of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and improving local air quality related to transport. Electromobility at the EU level is anchored in the 2011 EU White Paper on Transport which sets ambitious goals for phasing out conventionally fuelled cars in cities. Diffusion of electric vehicles is one way to achieve this goal, as proposed by, the European Green Cars Initiative, the EU Action Plan on Urban Mobility and the European alternative fuels strategy. These policies form the background for the Electromobility+ programme, which funds eighteen European electric vehicle projects. This report presents and discusses the main results of one of these projects, Competitive Electric Town Transport, COMPETT. The objective of COMPETT is to contribute to facilitating the use of electric vehicles, with particular focus on private passenger cars, thus contributing to the reduction of transport-related CO2 emissions. The main research question to be answered is: “How can electric vehicles come in to use to a greater degree?” The COMPETT project is jointly financed by the EU’s 7th FP (Electromobility+ programme), Transnova (up until 31.12.2014), the Norwegian Public Roads Administration (from 01.01.2015), the Research Council of Norway (RCN), the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) and the Ministry of Science, Innovation and Higher Education in Denmark. COMPETT is a co-operation between the Institute of Transport Economics (TØI) in Norway, The Austrian Energy Agency (AEA), the University College Buskerud and Vestfold in Norway, Kongsberg Innovation in Norway and the Danish Road Directorate (DRD). We hereby express our gratitude to all these contributors to COMPETT. Erik Figenbaum, project manager for COMPETT, has been responsible for this main report. He has cooperated with Marika Kolbenstvedt, also at TØI. Following the COMPETT’s quality assurance guidelines, the COMPETT partners Reinhardt Jellinek (AEA) and Lykke Møller Iversen (DRD) have reviewed the report. Terje Assum has been TØIs quality assurer. Oslo, August 2015 Institute of Transport Economics Gunnar Lindberg Michael Wølck Jæger Sørensen Managing director Research director Competitive Electric Town Transport Contents 1 The COMPETT project ................................................................................. 1 1.1 Research questions .................................................................................................... 1 1.2 A multidisciplinary approach ................................................................................... 2 1.3 Surveys, samples and user groups ........................................................................... 3 1.4 Modelling electromobility (WP5) ............................................................................ 5 1.5 Dissemination of results ........................................................................................... 5 1.6 Scope and structure of the report ........................................................................... 6 2 Introduction to electromobility ...................................................................... 7 2.1 Climate challenges in transport ............................................................................... 7 2.2 Status of the market for electric vehicles ............................................................... 9 2.3 Electromobility status in European countries .................................................... 11 2.4 Findings on the introduction to electromobility................................................. 13 3 The electromobility proposition................................................................... 14 3.1 EV technology and characteristics ........................................................................ 14 3.2 Charging concepts and equipment ....................................................................... 17 3.3 Findings on technology .......................................................................................... 20 4 Electromobility in everyday life ................................................................... 21 4.1 Real-world experience with range ......................................................................... 21 4.2 Potential for meeting daily travel needs ............................................................... 23 4.3 Long-distance travel with electric vehicles .......................................................... 24 4.4 Types of owners ...................................................................................................... 24 4.5 Owners’ actual travel pattern ................................................................................. 25 4.6 Household types and ability to cope with actual range ..................................... 26 4.7 Findings on range versus travel needs ................................................................. 27