PROCEEDINGS OF THE 6th RESEARCH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY & UPNG SCIENCE CONFERENCE (17-21 November, 2015) PROMOTING RESPONSIBLE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY, THE PNG WAY VOLUME 2 SUB THEME: Environment Pillar: Air quality, Water quality, Biodiversity, Energy Consumption, Forest Renewal, Oceans, Climate Change, and Population of Endanger Species etc; Editors: Victor Temple, David Mowbray, Prem P. Rai, Osia Gideon, Chalapan Kaluwin, John Watmelik Proceedings of RST UPNG Sci. Conf. Nov 2014 PROMOTING RESPONSIBLE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, THE PNG WAY VOLUME 2 SUB THEME: Environment Pillar: Air quality, Water quality, Biodiversity, Energy Consumption, Forest Renewal, Oceans, Climate Change, and Population of Endanger Species etc; Editors: Victor Temple, David Mowbray, Prem P. Rai, Osia Gideon, Chalapan Kaluwin, John Watmelik II Proceedings of RST UPNG Sci. Conf. Nov 2014 PROMOTING RESPONSIBLE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, THE PNG WAY ISBN: 978-9980-84-966-3 Copyright @ 2015 by the Authors Published by: School of Natural and Physical Sciences and School of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Papua New Guinea P.O. Box 320 University 134 National Capital District Papua New Guinea III Proceedings of RST UPNG Sci. Conf. Nov 2014 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. A publication consisting of reviewed papers selected from presentations at the 6th Research, Science and Technology Conference, jointly organised with the UPNG Science Conference held from 17th November- 21st November 2014 at the University of Papua New Guinea Waigani Campus, Port Moresby. Editorial Committee: Victor Temple, David Mowbray, Prem Rai, Osia Gideon, Chalapan Kaluwin, John Watmelik IV Proceedings of RST UPNG Sci. Conf. Nov 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS EDITORS' PREFACE ............................................................................................................................. VI CHAIRMAN’S STATEMENT .............................................................................................................. VII What is Sustainable Development? What is its History and Meaning? ......................................................1 David Mowbray From Rio to Rai to Now to ESD to Ples: The New Paradigm. .................................................................17 David Mowbray Challenges to Upscaling Community Ecoforestry and Community-based Reforestation in Papua New Guinea ...............................................................................................................................32 Robert Fisher, et.al. Strategies to Mitigating the Effects of Climate Change on Mangrove Forests in Papua New Guinea .....41 D. Waldi Salinity Tolerant Taro Cultivars identified to support Food Security of Vulnerable Communities in the Threat of Rising Sea Levels in Coastal Areas of PNG ...................................................................49 Paofa. J, Yalu. A and Kambuou R. N Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed Mixed Copra Meal and Commercial Broiler Finisher Diets ........55 Luania Bob and Alan Quartermain The Impacts of Climate Change, Anthropogenic Activities and Western Influence on Mushroom Diversity of Wopkola in the Mul District of Western Highlands Province, Papua New Guinea .............63 Alfred Kik and Pooranalingam Jeyarathan Absorption Spectrum of Beta-Caryophyllene – An Initial Phase Study of the Development of Cannabis Detector ....................................................................................................................................75 Osora H. H, Kolkoma David and Timi David Methodologies in Tigaso Oil Extraction: A Chemical Approach .............................................................83 Bosley BOTING and David WESLEY The Gold Ridge epithermal Au Deposit, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands .................................................88 Harrison GEDIKILE, et.al. Isolation, Screening and Identification of Antibiotic Marine Actinomycetes from Southern Coast of Papua New Guinea....................................................................................................................................98 Lothe Stanley, Teatulohi K Matainaho, Jeffrey N Noro, Ipunesa Steven and Prem P. Rai Nematicidal Activity of Crude Sap from four Medicinal Plants against the Root-knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita under Laboratory and Greenhouse Conditions .................................................107 Christine Terim and Macquin Maino V Proceedings of RST UPNG Sci. Conf. Nov 2014 EDITORS’ PREFACE We are very pleased to introduce the proceedings of the 6th Research, Science & Technology Conference held at University of Papua New Guinea from 17th – 21st November 2014. The theme chosen for the conference “Promoting Responsible Sustainable Development through Science and Technology, the PNG Way” was selected in recognition of the greatly extended focus on linkage between the science & technology and the broad area of sustainable development in recent years. The Conference format was deliberately kept broad and had four main pillars (social, environmental, economic, and governance) with various subthemes. The conference addressed different but inter-related, cross-disciplinary issues that are critical to principles of sustainable development. Participants representing several categories of stake holders from academia, policy makers, industries, businesses, research institutions, and other sectors sent abstracts of their presentations; full papers of some of these have been included in the proceedings. Traditionally, the government and public support for science & technology has been weak, yet scientific research and technological development has become more necessary than ever to solve some of the most pressing problems facing society. We believe the conference proved to be an important tool for all stakeholders committed to seeing science harnessed more effectively for the promotion of human well being and sustainable development. Equally, the situation calls for a commitment whereby scientists in various fields be responsive to these needs and governments pledge support for research. This Conference Proceedings are printed in three separate volumes and contain the written versions of selected contributions presented during the conference. It also includes the Conference Chairman’s statement and resolutions and recommendations adopted by the conference. The conference committee hopes that these Proceedings will serve to strengthen the foundations of the rapidly emerging fields of science and technology, and takes great pleasure in recommending the Proceedings of the Conference to you. Finally, we would like to thank all participants for their contributions to the Conference programme and for their contributions to these Proceedings. Also, it is our pleasant duty to acknowledge the financial support from the host institution, University of Papua New Guinea, Department of National Planning & Monitoring, Research, Science & Technology Secretariat, and other sponsors. VI Proceedings of RST UPNG Sci. Conf. Nov 2014 CHAIRMAN’S STATEMENT 1.0. Introduction The 6th Science and Technology conference was considered as biggest conference hosted by the University of Papua New Guinea in November 2014. There were more than 130 technical and policy papers/posters and presentations centered around Sustainable Development strategies, policies, legislation and issues with specific emphasis on the “PNG Ways.” On behalf of the Vice Chancellor, Professor Albert Mellam, and the Host Organising Committee we acknowledge positive contributions by the presenters and participants who ensured it was a rewarding experience for all of us. One of the greatest challenges for Papua and New Guinea and the global community is achieving Responsible Sustainable Development - RSD (The 4 pillars: economic, environment, social and governance) by managing its natural resources and human capacity through the strong focus on leadership and governance. The PNG Sustainable Development Policy embraces The 5 National Goals and directive principles as captured in our National constitution in 1975. Furthermore, the first principle of the Earth Charter called the Rio Declaration, which was signed by PNG at the 1992 Rio (Brazil) summit states: “Human beings are at the centre of Sustainable Development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with Nature”. Sustainable Development is defined variously as 'Development that meets the needs of present generations without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs' – WCED 1987. 'Improving the quality of life whilst living within the carrying capacity of supporting ecosystems - 'Caring for the Earth' 1991. Diesendorf and Hamilton (1997) refers to Sustainable Development as the types of economic and social development which sustain the natural environment and promote social equity’. Moreover it is ‘... a process, which aims to create an ecologically and economically sustainable and equitable society, (Diesendorf, and Hamilton 1997). Our own PNG definition back in 1993 was: Stretim nau bilong tumora or Hari ita hanamoa kerukeru totona - Waigani Seminar 1993. Perhaps during this conference we might need to redefine sustainable development or more precisely responsible