TREN/A4/103-2/2009 Study on Urban Access Restrictions Final Report Rome, December 2010 TREN A4/103-2/2009 1 Table of contents List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................................... 4 List of Tables ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Executive Summary .......................................................................................................................................... 9 1. Objectives and methodology of the study ................................................................................................ 11 1.1 Desk Work ................................................................................................................................................. 13 1.2 Consultation .............................................................................................................................................. 15 1.2.1 City Survey ............................................................................................................................................. 15 1.2.2 Stakeholders Consultation ..................................................................................................................... 16 2. Review of Access Restriction Schemes in Europe ..................................................................................... 19 2.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 19 2.1.1 The City Survey ...................................................................................................................................... 30 2.2 Analysis of the Access Restriction Schemes (existing and planned) ......................................................... 34 2.2.1 Scheme definitions ................................................................................................................................ 34 2.2.2 Scheme Adoption and Objectives .......................................................................................................... 35 2.2.3 Scheme Features ................................................................................................................................... 36 2.2.4 Stakeholders involvement, barriers and enablers ................................................................................. 40 2.3 Information Dissemination on ARS ........................................................................................................... 41 2.3.1 Accessibility of Information ................................................................................................................... 45 2.3.2 The European Traveler .......................................................................................................................... 50 2.3.3 A pan-European service for collecting fines from access restriction zones violations........................... 60 2.4 Environmental and Socio-economic Assessment of ARS .......................................................................... 61 2.4.1 Network Dimension ............................................................................................................................... 62 2.4.2 Economic Dimension ............................................................................................................................. 67 2.4.3 Environmental Impacts ......................................................................................................................... 70 2.4.4 Acceptability .......................................................................................................................................... 74 2.4.5 Equity Impacts ....................................................................................................................................... 75 2.4.6 Liveability............................................................................................................................................... 79 2.5 Legal Assessment of ARS .......................................................................................................................... 80 2.5.1 Introduction: Framework of the Legal Assessment ............................................................................... 80 2.5.2 Legal Basis of ARS at Country Level (EU27) ........................................................................................... 84 3. Building on Past and Current ARS Experience: a SWOT Analysis ............................................................. 96 3.1 Assessing the Practical Operation of different systems ........................................................................... 96 3.2 Common aspects on design and functioning of ARS ................................................................................ 97 3.3 SWOT table of specific ARS ..................................................................................................................... 101 3.4 Summary and conclusions of the SWOT analysis ................................................................................... 107 4. Stakeholders Consultation ...................................................................................................................... 109 5. Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 117 5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 117 5.2 Recommendations for EU action ............................................................................................................ 118 5.2.1 Regulation, harmonisation, standardization ...................................................................................... 118 5.2.2 Information management ................................................................................................................... 121 5.2.3 Governance issues ............................................................................................................................... 122 5.2.4 Funding ................................................................................................................................................ 123 5.2.5 Open and/or controversial issues ........................................................................................................ 123 5.3 Suggested Best Practices (recommendations to cities) .......................................................................... 124 TREN A4/103-2/2009 2 5.3.1 Planning and design of ARS ................................................................................................................. 125 5.3.2 Implementation and accompanying measures ................................................................................... 125 5.3.3 Assessment .......................................................................................................................................... 125 5.4 Comments on the study approach, methodology etc. ........................................................................... 126 5.4.1 Methodology ....................................................................................................................................... 126 5.4.2 Consultation process ........................................................................................................................... 126 Annex 1 – Cities general information on ARS ................................................................................................ 127 Annex 2 – Overall coverage and profiles of the 58 cities responding to the questionnaire ......................... 164 Annex 3 – Information on ARS impacts on network dimension from questionnaires .................................. 184 Annex 4 – Information on ARS impacts on economic dimension from questionnaires ................................ 187 Annex 5 – Information on surveys and/or consultations performed by cities to raise ARS acceptability .... 189 Annex 6 – Relevant statistical data showing the key impacts in the charging area and in Inner and Outer London of charges at £5 and £8 per day ....................................................................................................... 193 Annex 7 – Legal basis analysis at country level ............................................................................................. 194 Annex 8 – Questionnaire Template ............................................................................................................... 211 Annex 9 – Cities questionnaire responses ..................................................................................................... 236 Annex 10 – Consultation Phase Questionnaire Template ............................................................................. 432 Annex 11 – Opinions of the different groups of stakeholders ...................................................................... 436 Annex 12 – Reference documents and sources of information .................................................................... 448 TREN A4/103-2/2009 3 List of Figures Figure 1 – Tasks ..............................................................................................................................................