Towards an Unknown Marx The recent publication of Marx’s writings in their entirety has been a seminal event in Marxian scholarship. The hitherto unknown second draft of Volume 1 and first draft of Volume 3 of Capital, both published in the Manu- scripts of 1861–63, now provide an important intermediate link between the Grundrisse and the final published editions of Capital. In this book, Enrique Dussel, one of the most original Marxist philoso- phers in the world today, provides an authoritative and detailed commentary on the manuscripts of 1861–63. The main points which Dussel emphasizes in this path-breaking work are as follows: • The fundamental category in Marx’s theory is ‘living labour’ which exists outside of capital and which capital must subsume in order to produce surplus value. • Theories of Surplus Value is not a historical survey of previous theories, but rather a ‘critical confrontation’ through which Marx developed new cat- egories for his own theory. • The most important new categories developed in this manuscript are related to the ‘forms of appearance’ of surplus value. The final part of the book discusses the relevance of the Manuscripts of 1861–63 to contemporary global capitalism, especially to the continuing underdevelopment and extreme poverty of Latin America. Enrique Dussel is Professor of Philosophy, Universidad Metropolitana, Iztapalapa, México. He has written over forty books in Spanish, a number of which have been translated into English, German, French and Italian, including The Philosophy of Liberation, Ethics and Community, and The Underside of Modernity. Fred Moseley is Professor of Economics, Mount Holyoke College, Massa- chusetts, USA, and is a highly regarded specialist on Marxian economics. He has written or edited six books, including The Falling Rate of Profit in the Post-war United States Economy (1992), Marx’s Methods in ‘Capital’: A Re- examination (1993), and Heterodox Economics Theories: True or False? (1995). 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Samuels Towards an Unknown Marx A commentary on the Manuscripts of 1861–63 Enrique Dussel Translated from the Spanish by Yolanda Angulo Edited, with an introduction by Fred Moseley London and New York First published 2001 by Routledge 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2002. Hacia un Marx descondido© 1988 by Siglo XXI, México This translation © 2001 Enrique Dussel All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Dussel, Enrique D. [Hacia un Marx descondido. English] Towards an unknown Marx: a commentary on the manuscripts of 1861–63/Enrique Dussel; translated from Spanish by Yolanda Angulo; edited, with an introduction by Fred Moseley. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Marxian economics.2. Marx, Karl, 1818–1883. Kapital. I. Mosley, Fred, 1946– II. Title. HB97.5 .D84413 2001 335.4'1—dc21 00–066488 ISBN 0–415–21545–5 Print Edition ISBN 0-203-46175-4 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-76999-6 (Glassbook Format) Contents List of figures xiii Editor’s introduction xv Author’s introduction xxxii PART I The central Notebooks of ‘Chapter III’: the production process of capital 1 1 Money becomes capital: from exteriority to totality 3 1.1 New syllogism: M–C–M 4 1.2 Face-to-face encounter of the owner of money and the owner of labour. Creative exteriority 6 1.3 Exchange. The labour process and the valorization process 11 1.4 The two component parts of capital 15 2 Absolute surplus value 19 2.1 Surplus value in general and social classes 19 2.2 Absolute surplus value 22 2.3 The nature of surplus value and the ‘rate of exploitation’ 23 3 Relative surplus value 27 3.1 The ‘essence’ of relative surplus value 27 3.2 The general form of subsumption: cooperation 30 3.3 The second mode of subsumption: the social division of ‘social’ labour 33 3.4 The third mode of subsumption: machinery in the factory 36 x Contents PART II Critical confrontation of the system of categories as a whole 43 4 Critical confrontation with Steuart and the Physiocrats 49 4.1 The case of Steuart 49 4.2 Confrontation with the Physiocrats 51 4.3 Other minor contradictions 52 5 Adam Smith’s perplexities 56 5.1 Confusions regarding the exchange of labour for capital 57 5.2 Identification of surplus value and profit 58 5.3 The question of reproduction 60 6 Productive labour 65 6.1 Productive labour, capital and commodities 65 6.2 Polemics regarding productive labour 68 6.3 Toward the end of the polemic 71 6.4 Quesnay’s Tableau Économique 77 7 The theory of rent 82 7.1