IN FUTURE CITIES OF THAILAND PROJECT FOR PROMOTING SUSTAINABILITY THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (NESDC) PROJECT FOR PROMOTING SUSTAINABILITY IN FUTURE CITIES OF THAILAND FINAL REPORT OF PHASE 1 (STAGE 1-3) (STAGE 1-3) FINAL REPORT OF PHASE 1 September 2019 September 2019 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) ALMEC CORPORATION ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS GLOBAL CO., LTD INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CENTER OF JAPAN INC. EI JR 19-095 THE KINGDOM OF THAILAND NATIONAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL (NESDC) PROJECT FOR PROMOTING SUSTAINABILITY IN FUTURE CITIES OF THAILAND FINAL REPORT OF PHASE 1 (STAGE 1-3) September 2019 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY (JICA) ALMEC CORPORATION ORIENTAL CONSULTANTS GLOBAL CO., LTD INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CENTER OF JAPAN INC. ([FKDQJH5DWH 7+%-3< 86'-3< 86'7+% $YHUDJHRI0RQWKO\H[FKDQJHUDWHSXEOLVKHGE\-,&$ IURP-XO\WR'HFHPEHU 1RWH1DWLRQDO(FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO'HYHORSPHQW&RXQFLO 1(6'& ZDVUHRUJDQL]HGIURP1DWLRQDO (FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO'HYHORSPHQW%RDUG 1(6'% EDVHGRQWKH1DWLRQDO(FRQRPLFDQG6RFLDO 'HYHORSPHQW&RXQFLO$FWLQ,QWKLVUHSRUWWKHWHUPRI1(6'%LVXVHGIURP&KDSWHUWR &KDSWHUDQGWKHWHUPRI1(6'&LVXVHGLQ&KDSWHU Part I Sustainable Future City Initiative 1. Overall Framework of Thai Future City Project ..................................................................... 1-1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Objectives ................................................................................................................................ 1-2 1.3 Stages of Project Implementation ................................................................................. 1-2 1.4 Implementation Organization of the TFCP ................................................................... 1-3 1.5 Records of the Project Activities ....................................................................................... 1-4 2. Analysis on Current Status of Local Cities of Thailand ...................................................... 2-1 2.1 Changes in Socio-economic Development and their Implications to Urban Development and Administration ................................................................................. 2-1 2.1.1 Salient Social and Economic Changes ................................................................. 2-1 2.1.2 Implications to Urban Development and Administration ............................ 2-14 2.2 National Spatial Structure of Thailand ......................................................................... 2-16 2.2.1 Overall Demographic Structure .............................................................................. 2-16 2.2.2 Regional Corridor and Transport Network ........................................................ 2-18 2.2.3 Urban System ................................................................................................................ 2-23 2.3 Urban Development Policy Directions by Hierarchy of Cities ............................. 2-32 2.3.1 Globally Competitive BMA, BMR, and ESB ......................................................... 2-34 2.3.2 Regional Growth Cities .............................................................................................. 2-35 2.3.3 Local Urban Centers .................................................................................................... 2-36 2.4 Environmental Policy toward Sustainable Development ........................................ 2-38 2.4.1 Historical Changes in Environmental Policy and Strategy ........................... 2-38 2.4.2 Environmental Conditions in Thailand ................................................................. 2-40 2.4.3 Environmental Planning Instruments ................................................................... 2-51 2.4.4 Environmental Projects Implemented in Tessabans ....................................... 2-57 2.5 Decentralization and Local Autonomy in Thailand ................................................. 2-70 2.5.1 Provincial and Local Administration ..................................................................... 2-70 2.5.2 Decentralization Process and Local Autonomy ................................................ 2-75 2.5.3 Local Autonomy in Urban Planning and Urban Development ................... 2-76 2.6 Institutional Framework of Urban Development Planning in Thailand ............. 2-78 2.6.1 Urban Planning Systems in Thailand .................................................................... 2-78 2.6.2 Local Strategic Development Plan (LSDP) .......................................................... 2-79 2.6.3 Urban Planning and Comprehensive Plan ......................................................... 2-81 2.6.4 Urban and Landscape Design ................................................................................. 2-94 2.7 Current Conditions and Problems of Cities in Thailand .......................................... 2-103 2.7.1 Current Status of Tessabans .................................................................................... 2-103 2.7.2 Civil Society in Thailand ............................................................................................. 2-108 2.7.3 Urban Problems and Issues of Tessabans .......................................................... 2-113 2.7.4 Visions of Tessabans ................................................................................................... 2-116 2.7.5 Characteristics of Projects by Region ................................................................... 2-119 2.8 Financing and Project Implementation of Tessabans .............................................. 2-121 2.8.1 Financial Capability of Tessabans .......................................................................... 2-121 2.8.2 Project Implementation by Tessabans ................................................................. 2-125 3. Development of SFCI ...................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1 Rationale of and Need for Sustainable Development in Local Cities of Thailand i ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.1 Self-sustaining Economic Competitiveness / Promotion of Centrality of City .................................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.1.2 Sustainable Environmental Strategy/ Limited Capabilities of Tessabans ............................................................................................................................................ 3-2 3.1.3 Attractiveness and Identity of Cities/ Pride of the Local Community...... 3-3 3.1.4 Depopulation, Aging, and Low-fertility Society/ Livable City for All ....... 3-3 3.1.5 Strengthened Initiatives of Tessabans in Development ............................... 3-3 3.1.6 Strengthened Peoples’ Participation in Development/ Core of Sense of Ownership ...................................................................................................................... 3-4 3.1.7 Linkage between National Government Program and Local Reality ....... 3-4 3.2 Establishment of Sustainable Future City Initiative (SFCI) ...................................... 3-6 3.2.1 Objectives and Overall Concept of SFCI ............................................................. 3-6 3.2.2 Target Cities of SFCI .................................................................................................... 3-8 3.2.3 Organizational Structure ........................................................................................... 3-8 3.2.4 Implementation Framework of SFCI ..................................................................... 3-10 3.3 Implementation Program of SFCI Model City Activities (the First Phase of SFCI) ....................................................................................................................................................... 3-18 3.3.1 Purpose of SFCI Model City Projects ................................................................. 3-18 3.3.2 Target Model Cities ..................................................................................................... 3-18 3.3.3 Implementation Process of SFCI Model City Projects ................................. 3-18 3.4 SFCI’s Relevance to the NESDP and National Reform Implementation .......... 3-20 3.4.1 SFCI’s Relevance to National Reform ................................................................... 3-20 ii Part II Model City Projects 4. Model City Activities ....................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Identification of Target Tessabans and Selection of Model Cities ...................... 4-1 4.1.1 Overall Steps of Selection of Model Cities ......................................................... 4-1 4.1.2. Selection of Overall Target Tessabans of SFCI ................................................ 4-1 4.1.3 Longlist of Candidate Model Cities ....................................................................... 4-4 4.1.4 Evaluation and Shortlisting of Candidate Cities ............................................... 4-7 4.1.5 Invitation and Proposal Submissions ..................................................................