Urim grammar by Ritva Hemmilä and Pirkko Luoma 2 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1. BRIEF SUMMARY OF URIM PHONOLOGY................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.1. Phonemic and Orthographic Inventory............................................................................................................... 7 1.1.2. Consonants.......................................................................................................................................................... 7 1.1.3. Vowels ................................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.1.4. Syllable Patterns ............................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1.5. Stress in Urim.................................................................................................................................................... 10 1.1.6. About Orthography............................................................................................................................................ 11 1.2. URIM MORPHOPHONEMIC RULES............................................................................................................................ 11 1.2.1. Insertion Rules: ................................................................................................................................................. 11 1.2.2. Deletion Rules ................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.2.3. Assimilation Rules ............................................................................................................................................. 16 1.2.4. Dissimilation Rules: .......................................................................................................................................... 17 1.2.5. Re-syllabifications............................................................................................................................................. 18 1.2.6. The Ordering of Rules ....................................................................................................................................... 18 1.2.7. About Application of Rules................................................................................................................................ 19 2. WORD CLASSES AND MORPHOLOGY................................................................................................................. 20 2.1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 20 2.2. VERBS AND THEIR MORPHOLOGY .......................................................................................................................... 21 2.2.1. Realis-Irrealis Mode.......................................................................................................................................... 22 2.2.2. Reduplication of Verb Stems to Encode Imperfective Aspect: i.e, Repeated, Continual, or Habitual Action ... 25 2.2.3. Imperfective Aspect Suffix -e ............................................................................................................................. 26 2.2.4. The Applicative Suffix-(e)n................................................................................................................................ 28 2.2.5. Applicative Construction Indicating Dative-Shift ............................................................................................. 29 2.2.6. Other functions of the applicative suffix -(e)n ................................................................................................... 29 2.3. NOUNS .................................................................................................................................................................... 31 2.3.1. Important Semantic Classes of Nouns............................................................................................................... 31 2.3.2. Plurality............................................................................................................................................................. 36 2.3.3. Lack of Nominalized Forms............................................................................................................................... 38 2.4. PRO-FORMS............................................................................................................................................................. 39 2.4.1. Pronouns (Pro-NPs).......................................................................................................................................... 39 2.4.2. Interrogative Pro-forms .................................................................................................................................... 48 2.5. PREPOSITIONS ......................................................................................................................................................... 50 2.5.1. Paucity of Urim Prepositions Compensated for by Serialized Constructions................................................... 51 2.6. ADJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................................ 58 2.6.1. Underived Adjectives......................................................................................................................................... 58 2.6.2. Derived Adjectives............................................................................................................................................. 60 2.6.3. Comparison of Adjectives.................................................................................................................................. 66 2.7. ADVERBS ................................................................................................................................................................ 69 2.7.1. Temporal Adverbs ............................................................................................................................................. 69 2.7.2. Manner Adverbs and Frequentative Temporal Adverbs.................................................................................... 72 2.7.3. Locative Adverbs ............................................................................................................................................... 75 2.7.4. Negation ............................................................................................................................................................ 75 2.7.5. Modal Adverbs .................................................................................................................................................. 77 2.7.6. Degree Adverbs ................................................................................................................................................. 79 2.7.7. Aspectual Adverbs and Other Aspectual Constructions.................................................................................... 79 2.8. QUANTIFIERS .......................................................................................................................................................... 82 2.8.1. Numerals ........................................................................................................................................................... 82 2.8.2. Non-Numeric Quantifiers .................................................................................................................................. 84 2.9. DEMONSTRATIVES .................................................................................................................................................. 90 2.9.1. The far demonstrative pa................................................................................................................................... 90 2.9.2. The Near Demonstrative ti ................................................................................................................................ 93 2.9.3. The Personal Pronoun kil as Demonstrative..................................................................................................... 94 2.9.4. The Remote Demonstrative ai as a Pronoun and its Other Functions .............................................................. 94 2.9.5. Verb plus Demonstrative Adverb Constructions ............................................................................................... 99 2.9.6. A list showing some of the many possible combinations of the deictics pa, ti, kil, ai and indefinite ur with various types of NPs:..................................................................................................................................................... 100 2.10. CONJUNCTIONS AND OTHER CONJUNCTIVE FORMS .............................................................................................. 101 2.10.1. The Place of Conjunctions.........................................................................................................................