ARCHAEOLOGY AND AGGREGATES IN DERBYSHIRE AND THE PEAK DISTRICT A RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK Archaeological Research Services Ltd Report No. 2011/101 James Brightman and Dr. Clive Waddington Angel House Portland Square Bakewell Derbyshire DE45 1HB Tel: 01629 814540 Fax: 01629 814657 [email protected] www.archaeologicalresearchservices.com ARCHAEOLOGY AND AGGREGATES IN DERBYSHIRE AND THE PEAK DISTRICT A RESOURCE ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK James Brightman and Clive Waddington With contribution from D.G. Passmore Archaeology and Aggregates in Derbyshire and the Peak District Contents LIST OF FIGURES ..............................................................................................................................................vi LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................................. ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................x SUMMARY ..........................................................................................................................................................xi 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Location and Scope of Work ...................................................................................................................2 1.2 Aims and Objectives ...............................................................................................................................2 1.3 Method Statement ...................................................................................................................................5 1.3.1 Defi ning the Aggregates Resource .........................................................................................................................5 1.3.2 Assessing the Archaeological Resource..................................................................................................................5 1.3.3 Historic Landscape Characterisation .....................................................................................................................5 1.3.4 Aerial Photographic Transcription ....................................................................................................................6 1.3.5 HER Enhancement ..................................................................................................................................................6 1.3.6 GIS and Data Management ....................................................................................................................................7 1.3.7 Data assessment ........................................................................................................................................................7 1.3.8 Geoarchaeological assessment ................................................................................................................................7 1.3.9 Formulating research agenda and strategy.............................................................................................................8 1.4 Project Outputs .......................................................................................................................................8 2. GEOLOGY AND QUATERNARY ENVIRONMENTS ................................................................. 9 2.1 Carboniferous geology (c. 360-290 million years ago) ............................................................................9 2.2 Permian geology (c. 290-248 million years ago) ................................................................................... 10 2.3 Triassic geology (c. 248-205 million years ago) .................................................................................... 10 2.4 Quaternary environments ..................................................................................................................... 10 2.4.1 Pleistocene (pre-Holocene) fl uvial sequences (c. 2.6 million years ago – 12000 BC). ..................................10 2.4.2 Holocene river environments (c. 12000BC – Present Day) ..............................................................................11 2.4.3 Holocene vegetation record ...................................................................................................................................12 2.5 Aggregate Extraction in Derbyshire and the Peak District ................................................................. 14 2.5.1 Historic Exploitation ..............................................................................................................................................14 2.5.2 Current Extraction ..................................................................................................................................................14 2.5.3 Future Extraction ....................................................................................................................................................16 3. HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL OVERVIEW OF DERBYSHIRE AND THE PEAK DIS- TRICT .......................................................................................................................................18 3.1 The Northern Uplands of the Peak District and Derbyshire .............................................................. 18 3.1.1 Palaeolithic (pre c.8000BC) and Mesolithic (c.8000BC-3900BC) ....................................................................18 3.1.2 Neolithic (3900BC-2200BC) ..................................................................................................................................19 3.1.3 Early to Middle Bronze Age (2200BC-1200BC) ................................................................................................22 3.1.4 Late Bronze Age-Iron Age (1200BC-AD43) ......................................................................................................25 3.1.5 Romano-British (AD43-AD410)...........................................................................................................................27 3.1.6 Early medieval (AD410-AD1066) ........................................................................................................................28 3.1.7 Medieval/Middle Ages (AD1066-c.AD1700) .....................................................................................................31 3.1.8 Post-Medieval – Modern (c.AD1700-present day) .............................................................................................33 3.2 The Lowlands and Trent Valley ............................................................................................................ 35 3.2.1 Palaeolithic (-c.8000BC) and Mesolithic (c.8000BC-3900BC) ..........................................................................35 3.2.2 Neolithic (3900BC-2200BC) – Early to Middle Bronze Age (2200BC-1200BC) .........................................35 3.2.3 Late Bronze Age (1200BC-700BC) – Iron Age (700BC-AD43) .....................................................................36 i Archaeology and Aggregates in Derbyshire and the Peak District 3.2.4 Romano-British (AD43-AD410)...........................................................................................................................37 3.2.5 Early Medieval (AD410-AD1066) ........................................................................................................................37 3.2.6 Medieval/Middle Ages (AD1066-c.AD1700) .....................................................................................................38 3.2.7 Post-Medieval – Modern (c.AD1700-present day) .............................................................................................38 3.3 Relative Site Densities .......................................................................................................................... 39 4. SOLID GEOLOGY LANDFORM ASSESSMENTS .....................................................................41 4.1. LANDFORM 1A – CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE .............................................................41 4.1.1 Aerial Photograph Transcription Block 1 ........................................................................................... 41 4.1.2 Archaeological Associations (Chronological) .................................................................................... 46 4.1.2.1 Palaeolithic (pre c.8000BC) and Mesolithic (c.8000BC-3900BC) .................................................................48 4.1.2.2 Neolithic (3900BC-2200BC) ...............................................................................................................................49 4.1.2.3 Bronze Age (2200-700BC) ..................................................................................................................................51 4.1.2.4 Iron Age (700BC-AD43).....................................................................................................................................51 4.1.2.5 Romano-British (AD43-410) ..............................................................................................................................53 4.1.2.6 Early Medieval (AD410-1066) ..........................................................................................................................54