Discovering Anthroposophical Music Therapy: An Investigation of its Origins and Applications Monika Andrea Intveen Submitted for the award of PhD University of Limerick, Ireland Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Jane Edwards Submitted to the University of Limerick, June 2011 Declaration This thesis is presented in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. It is entirely my own work, and has not been submitted to any other university or higher institution, or for any academic award in this university. Where use has been made of other people's work, it has been fully acknowledged and referenced accordingly. Limerick, June 1st, 2011, Andrea Intveen Discovering Anthroposophical Music Therapy: An Investigation of its Origins and Applications Table of Contents Abstract .............................................................................................................................. i Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................... ii List of Tables.................................................................................................................... iv List of Presentations and Publications ............................................................................. iv Chapter 1 ........................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 Contemporary Music Therapy: An Overview............................................................... 1 Background of the Research/Author‟s Motivation ....................................................... 5 Aims of the Research .................................................................................................... 8 Methods of the Research ............................................................................................. 12 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2 ......................................................................................................................... 14 Foundations of AnMt: Rudolf Steiner, Anthroposophy, and Anthroposophical Models of the Human Being ........................................................................................................ 14 Biographical Information on Rudolf Steiner............................................................... 14 Anthroposophy‟s Main Characteristics ....................................................................... 16 Perceptions of Steiner and his Philosophy within and from Outside Anthroposophy 18 Is Anthroposophical Literature Deliberately Exclusive? ............................................ 24 Anthroposophical Models of the Human Being ......................................................... 25 Chapter Summary........................................................................................................ 55 Chapter 3 ......................................................................................................................... 56 Goethean Phenomenology as a Basis for Understanding Qualities of Musical Elements in AnMt ........................................................................................................................... 56 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 56 Phenomenology ........................................................................................................... 57 Goethe and the Phenomenon ....................................................................................... 59 Polarity ........................................................................................................................ 61 Delicate Empiricism, the Observer‟s Participation, the Natural Attitude and the Empty Mind ................................................................................................................ 62 Phenomenological Studies .......................................................................................... 66 Discovering Anthroposophical Music Therapy: An Investigation of its Origins and Applications Goethean Morphology ................................................................................................ 67 Goethean Phenomenology and Anthroposophical Music Therapy ............................. 70 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 72 Chapter 4 ......................................................................................................................... 73 Musical Concepts in Anthroposophy .............................................................................. 73 Introduction ................................................................................................................. 73 Hearing, Listening and Music Perception from an Anthroposophical Perspective .... 74 Universality, Objectivity and Archetypes in Music .................................................... 76 Models of the Human Being and Music: The Threefold and the Fourfold Human Being, Musical Elements and Musical Instruments .................................................... 98 Summary ................................................................................................................... 104 Chapter 5 ....................................................................................................................... 105 Basic Tenets of Anthroposophical Music Therapy ....................................................... 105 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 105 Brief Overview of the Development of Anthroposophical Music Therapy and its Current Scope of Practice ......................................................................................... 105 Contents of an Anthroposophical Music Therapy Training ...................................... 108 The Inner Attitude and Discipline of the Anthroposophical Music Therapist .......... 112 The Therapeutic Process ........................................................................................... 114 Musical and therapeutic specifics: “Das freie Tongespräch” by Julius Knierim. ..... 143 Summary ................................................................................................................... 146 Chapter 6 ....................................................................................................................... 147 Locating Anthroposophical Music Therapy ................................................................. 147 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 147 AnMt‟s Roots in Curative and Music Education ...................................................... 148 Anthroposophy‟s Relationship to Psychology, Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis 148 Different views on the origins of neuroses and other mental disorders. ................... 149 Different views of the conscious and subconscious mind. ....................................... 150 Treatment of mental disorders requires inclusion of spiritual aspects. ..................... 153 Psychotherapy-Oriented Music Therapy Approaches and AnMt ............................. 154 AnMt and the therapeutic relationship. ..................................................................... 157 Therapists‟ self-reflection in AnMt through spiritual work. ..................................... 159 Discovering Anthroposophical Music Therapy: An Investigation of its Origins and Applications Musical Universality, Archetypes and Phenomenological Reflection in other Music Therapy Approaches ................................................................................................. 160 The Role of Spirituality in other Music Therapy Traditions..................................... 162 Music-Centred Music Therapy ................................................................................. 166 Conclusion and Summary ......................................................................................... 167 Chapter 7 ....................................................................................................................... 169 A Modified Grounded Theory Analysis of Interviews with four Anthroposophical Music Therapy Practitioners: Introduction and Method ............................................... 169 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 169 Rationale ................................................................................................................... 170 Grounded Theory ...................................................................................................... 170 Constructivism and Constructivist Grounded Theory............................................... 173 Justification of the Research Paradigm, Methodology and Method Chosen ............ 176 Choosing the Research Method – Modified Grounded Theory ................................ 179 Applying the Method ................................................................................................ 181 Trustworthiness