March 2008 doc.: IEEE 802.15-<08/0114-02> Project: IEEE P802.15 Working Group for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) Submission Title: [Visible Light Communication : Tutorial] Date Submitted: [9 March 2008] Source: [(1)Eun Tae Won, Dongjae Shin, D.K. Jung, Y.J. Oh, Taehan Bae, Hyuk-Choon Kwon, Chihong Cho, Jaeseung Son, (2) Dominic O’Brien (3)Tae-Gyu Kang (4) Tom Matsumura] Company [(1)Samsung Electronics Co.,LTD, (2)University of Oxford, (3)ETRI (4) VLCC (28 Members)] Address [(1)Dong Suwon P.O. Box 105, 416 Maetan-3dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 443-742 Korea, (2) Wellington Square, Oxford, OX1 2JD, United Kingdom, (3) 161 Gajeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-700, Korea] Voice:[(1)82-31-279-5613,(3)82-42-860-5232], FAX: [(1)82-31-279-5130], E-Mail:[(1)[email protected], (2) [email protected], (3)[email protected]] Re: [] Abstract: [The overview of the visible light communication (VLC), application scenarios and demonstrations in the various are presented in this document. The research issues, which should be discussed in the near future, also are presented.] Purpose: [Tutorial to IEEE 802.15] Notice: This document has been prepared to assist the IEEE P802.15. It is offered as a basis for discussion and is not binding on the contributing individual(s) or organization(s). The material in this document is subject to change in form and content after further study. The contributor(s) reserve(s) the right to add, amend or withdraw material contained herein. Release: The contributor acknowledges and accepts that this contribution becomes the property of IEEE and may be made publicly available by P802.15. Submission VisibleVisible LightLight CommunicationCommunication -Tutorial-Tutorial -- 2008.2008. 03.03. 1717 SamsungSamsung ElectronicsElectronics ETRIETRI VLCCVLCC UniversityUniversity ofof OxfordOxford Outline Part 1 (Samsung, ETRI) VLC introduction LED introduction VLC potential application Part 2 (VLCC) Introduction of VLCC members A characteristic of the visible light communications Field experiments and demonstrations using visible light communications Approach to Commercialization Part 3 (University of Oxford) VLC components Technical challenges 2/77 VLC introduction VLC (Visible Light Communication) : New communication technology using “Visible Light”. Visible Light : Wavelength between ~400nm (750THz) and ~700nm (428THz) General Characteristic Visibility : Aesthetically pleasing Security : What You See Is What You Send. Health : Harmless for human body Unregulated : no regulation in optical frequency Using in the restricted area : aircraft, spaceship, hospital Eye safety 3/77 VLC history ~ 800 B.C. 405 B.C.280 B.C. 1800s 1880 1900s Current Photophone Sunlight Heliograph Sunlight By Bell Beacon Pharos Burning Kite FireFire Fire Lighthouse In Battle Ship-to-ship Traffic Light Lamp Lamp Comm. /Signboard Light LEDLED VLCVLC 4/77 VLC history - Low speed Information delivery using mirror reflection (Heliograph) The use of fire or lamp • Beacon fire, lighthouse, ship-to-ship comm. by Morse code Traffic light : R/G/B color multiplexing (Walk/Stop) Morse code 5/77 VLC history - Photophone Bell’s Photophone (1880) • Optical source : sunlight • Modulation : vibrating mirror • Receiver : parabolic mirror • Distance : 700 ft (213m) Excerpted from: The New Idea Self-Instructor edited by http://www.freespaceoptic.com/ Ferdinand Ellsworth Cary, A. M. (Monarch Book Company, Chicago & Philadelphia, 1904) 6/77 Frequency band for VLC Low Frequency High Frequency (Long wavelength) (Short wavelength) Coverage Bandwidth Mobility Security 300MHz 10GHz 300GHz 3THz 428THz 750THz 300PHz RF IR visible UV 1m 3cm 1mm 100μm 700nm 400nm 1nm IG-THz 802.15.3c 802.11 IG-VLC 802.16 IrDA • IG-THz : 300 GHz to 10 THz (contribution 15-07-0623-01) • 802.15.3c : 57 GHz to 64 GHz • IrDA : 334THz(900nm) to 353THz (850nm) 7/77 VLC Characteristics 480M UWB 100M UFIR 50M 802.11a Data rate (bps) 802.11b 16M VFIR VLC 4M FIRFIR Bluetooth 115K SIR ZigBee 11123 6 20 50 Distance (m) 8/77 VLC vs. RF Characteristics Property VLC RF Bandwidth Unlimited, 400nm~700nm Regulatory, BW Limited EMI No High Line of Sight Yes No Standard Beginning (IG-VLC) Matured Hazard No Yes Visibility (Security) Yes No Mobile To Power Consumption Relatively low Medium Mobile Distance Short Medium Visibility (Security) Yes No Infra Infra LED Illumination Access Point to Mobility Limited Yes Mobile Coverage Narrow Wide 9/77 VLC motivation Communication community trend Ubiquitous (Connected anywhere, anytime) Security LED trend LED technical evolution (efficiency, brightness) LED illumination infra Environmental trend Energy saving No E-smog Intrinsic characteristic of VLC Visibility No interference / No regulation 10/77 Outline Part 1 (Samsung, ETRI) VLC introduction LED introduction VLC potential application Part 2 (VLCC) Introduction of VLCC members A characteristic of the visible light communications Field experiments and demonstrations using visible light communications Approach to Commercialization Part 3 (University of Oxford) VLC components Technical challenges 11/77 LED technical evolution Performance and Price comparison 2003 100 LED 2005 10 LED 2010 LED 1 Cost / Brightness ratio Cost / Brightness Halogen Lamp Fluorescent Lamp 2015 HID Incandescent LED (High-Intensity Discharge) Lamp 0 50 100 150 Brightness / Power ratio Source: Credit Suisse, 2006.11.2 12/77 LED driver (environmental perspective) Environment protection Kyoto Protocol : CO2 emission regulation RoHS : Hg-free bulb WEEE : Producer responsibility Energy saving Electricity in Korea z 278 TWh(2002), 7.2 % of USA 20% for Lighting : 55.6 TWh 50% saving by LED : 27.8TWh Energy Saving Effect: z 3 Nuclear Stations (1GW/day) z 2 B$/year RoHS : Restriction of the use of Certain Hazardous Substance Source: KOPTI (The Korea Photonics Technology Institute) WEEE : Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment 13/77 LED Market Forecast LED market comparison with NAND, DRAM LED ※CAGR :15% NAND, DRAM 29 29.2 billion $ billion $ 11 12.4 billion $ billion $ LED DRAM 6.3 billion $ LED NAND LED 2002 2010 2017 2006 2006 Source: Deutsche Bank, 2007. 2 14/77 LED application Illumination Display General Lighting Mobile device Office Lighting LCD BLU Street Lighting LED display Economical efficiencyLED Applications ITS Others Head/tail light Medical Traffic signal Communication 15/77 LED modulation characteristics B + Phosphor LED R+G+B LED RCLED ~40 Mbps ~100 Mbps ~500 Mbps 16/77 Outline Part 1 (Samsung, ETRI) VLC introduction LED introduction VLC potential application Part 2 (VLCC) Introduction of VLCC members A characteristic of the visible light communications Field experiments and demonstrations using visible light communications Approach to Commercialization Part 3 (University of Oxford) VLC components Technical challenges 17/77 Indoor application LED Illumination Infrastructure Ubiquitous Fixed-to-Infra Mobile-to-Infra Mobile-to-Fixed Mobile-to-Mobile Security 18/77 Requirements (Indoor application) Mobile to Mobile Mobile to Fixed Mobile to Infra Fixed to Infra Link Bi-direction Bi-direction Bi or Uni Bi or Uni Reach ~1m ~1m ~3m ~3m Rate ~100Mbps ~100Mbps ~10Mbps ~10Mbps Application Contents sharing File transfer Indoor navigation Data broadcast Video streaming LBS M-commerce Networked robot Alternative IrDA, Bluetooth, IrDA, Bluetooth, WLAN UWB UWB 19/77 Outdoor application Outdoor advertising Traffic control Infrastructure Vehicle-to-Infra Vehicle-to-Vehicle 20/77 VLC application evolution LED penetration Mobile Sign Illumination Display ITS 10Mbps Outdoor 100Mbps 10Mbps Indoor Indoor 21/77 Indoor navigation scheme Uni-direction Bi-direction Hybrid Hot spot Link Rx TRx Rx Rx Rate Down : ~10kbps Down : ~10Mbps Down : ~10kbps Down(light) : ~10kbps Up : ~100Mbps Up : ~10Mbps Down(HS) : ~100Mbps Infra Lighting with Lighting with optical Lighting with optical Lighting with optical optical ID ID ID ID Receiver RF access point Hot spot In-building network In-building network Routing server Routing server Mobile Receiver Receiver Receiver Receiver Large storage Transmitter RF connectivity Large storage Map info Routing software Routing software Other LBS LBS service Ad-hoc connection 22/77 Demonstrations Mobile to Mobile Tx, Rx LED array (100Mbps,Samsung) (~30Mbps, Univ.of Oxford) (~1Gbps, Keio Univ.) High speed Infra to Mobile Music broadcasting Sign board Infra to Mobile (LAN) (10Mbps, Tamura Inc.) (6Mbps, Univ. of Oxford) (10Mbps, Samsung) (4Mbps, Samsung) Audio transmission Infra to Mobile, VLCC (Keio Univ., NEC, Toshiba, Sony, Matsushita, Casio etc. ) (100kbps, Hongkong (4.8kbps, illuminations, visible light ID, sign board, applications based on JEITA) Univ.) Low speed 23/77 VLC Demonstrations Infra to mobile Mobile to mobile Infra to mobile 100 Mbps, 1m 20 Mbps, 3m 4 Mbps, 3m Bidirection Unidirection Bidirection 24/77 Mobile-to-mobile demo What You See Is What You Send (WYSIWYS) 120 Mbps, 1m, Full duplex File transfer and video streaming PDA/UMPC Spot @ 30 cm 25/77 Infra-to-mobile (uni-direction) RGB WDM transmission 20 Mbps, 3m, Uni-direction Information broadcast from sign board 26/77 Infra-to-mobile (bi-direction) TDMA-based P2MP 4 Mbps, 3 m, bi-direction Secure indoor LAN 27/77 Summary (Part 1) VLC introduction VLC history Motivation LED introduction LED technical evolution LED market forecast LED application LED modulation characteristics VLC potential application Application category Indoor : Navigation, High-speed connectivity Outdoor : ITS, Advertising Demonstration z Demonstration overview