Canaveral National Seashore Historic Resource Study September 2008 written by Susan Parker edited by Robert W. Blythe This historic resource study exists in two formats. A printed version is available for study at the Southeast Regional Office of the National Park Service and at a variety of other repositories around the United States. For more widespread access, this administrative history also exists as a PDF through the web site of the National Park Service. Please visit www.nps.gov for more information. Cultural Resources Division Southeast Regional Office National Park Service 100 Alabama Street, SW Atlanta, Georgia 30303 404.562.3117 Canaveral National Seashore 212 S. Washington Street Titusville, FL 32796 http://www.nps.gov/cana Canaveral National Seashore Historic Resource Study Contents Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - vii Chapter 1: Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Establishment of Canaveral National Seashore - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 Physical Environment of the Seashore - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 Background History of the Area - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 Scope and Purpose of the Historic Resource Study - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3 Historical Contexts and Themes - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 Chapter Two: Climatic Change: Rising Water Levels and Prehistoric Human Occupation, ca. 12,000 BCE - ca. 1500 CE - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 Associated Properties - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -10 Seminole Rest - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10 Turtle Mound- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 Castle Windy - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 Ross Hammock Burial Mound 1- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 Ross Hammock Burial Mound 2- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 11 Max Hoeck Burial Mound - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 Bill’s Hill Burial Mound - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 National Register Eligibility- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 12 Chapter Three: European Incursions and Euro-American Expansion, 1500-1820 - 13 Contact-Period Native American Groups in the Seashore Area - - - - - - - - - - - - -15 Early European Settlement - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -17 The French Attempt to Settle in Florida - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 Spanish Missions and Native Americans - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 20 Defending Spanish Florida - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 The Seminole - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -26 British Florida: Large Enterprise Grants and Small Homestead Grants - - - - - - - - - -27 Turnbull’s New Smyrna - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 Mount Plenty - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 William Elliot Plantation - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 30 Bartram and Michaux - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 33 Land Grants and Disrupted Settlement in the Second Spanish Period - - - - - - - - - -34 Spanish Land Grants Around Canaveral - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 35 The Patriots War - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 37 Associated Properties - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -39 Turtle Mound- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 39 Elliott Plantation (Sugar Mill Ruins and Stobbs Farm) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40 Kings Road - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40 William Bartram Markers (One and Two)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40 National Register Eligibility- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 40 Chapter Four: Transportation Networks, 1820 to 1950 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 41 Florida as a United States Territory - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -41 The Civil War - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -45 Transportation and Public Lands - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -48 U. S. Life-Saving Service - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -50 National Park Service v Water and Rail Lines Converge - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -53 Automobiles and Highways - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -54 Associated Properties - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -58 Old Haulover Canal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58 New Haulover Canal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58 Confederate Salt Works - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58 National Register Eligibility- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 58 Chapter Five: Population Growth After Wars, 1845 to 1950 - - - - - - - - - - - - 61 Live Oak Harvesting - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -61 Citrus - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -63 The Postwar Citrus Surge, Other Subtropical Crops, and the People to Grow Them - - -65 In-migration and Out-migration - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -67 Eldora - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -71 Seminole Rest - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -76 Associated Properties - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -78 Eldora - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 78 Seminole Rest (at Snyder’s Mound) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 80 Registration Requirement/Criteria Considerations/Integrity - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 81 Chapter Six: The Aerospace Program, 1950 to 1975 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 83 Land for the U.S. Space Program - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -84 Canaveral National Seashore - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -86 Associated Properties - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -87 Chapter Seven: Recommendations- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 Historic and Prehistoric Resources - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -89 Turtle Mound- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 André Michaux Historical Marker- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 Escaped Slave Route - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 Elliott Plantation and Sugar Mill Ruins - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 89 Kings Road - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 90 Old Haulover Portage and Canal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 90 New Haulover Canal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 90 Confederate Salt Works - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91 Eldora - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91 Seminole Rest- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 91 Documentary Sources and Research - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -92 Early Colonial Intercultural and Interracial Relationships and Activities Within the Seashore - 92 Elliott Plantation and Sugar Mill Ruins - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 92 Kings Road - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 92 Daily Life in the Seashore in Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries - - - - - - - - - 92 Documents Relating to Live-Oak Harvesting from the 1820s to the 1850s - - - - - - - - - - - 92 Bibliography - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 93 vi Canaveral National Seashore Historic Resource Study Acknowledgements This study is part of an ongoing effort by the NPS Southeast Regional Office’s Cultural Resources Division to provide baseline historical documentation for the region’s parks. Many people contributed to this study, but we wish to especially thank Dr. Daniel Schafer, Professor Emeritus and former Chair of the History Department, University of North Florida, who graciously provided a summary of his findings on the Elliott plantation for inclusion in this document. Much of the information has only recently been uncovered during his research in Great Britain, and his work played a major role in initiating an archeological investi- gation of the site. Information on the Kings Road extension