Development Tools NeXT Developer's Library NeXTstep Draw upon the library of software contained in NeXTstep to develop your applications. Integral to this development environment are the Application Kit and Display PostScript. Concepts A presentation of the principles that define NeXTstep, including user interface design, object-oriented programming, event handling, and other fundamentals. ~ ~ Reference, Volumes 1 and 2 Detailed, comprehensive descriptions of the NeXTstep Application Kit software. Sound, Music, and Signal Processing Let your application listen, talk, and sing by using the Sound Kit and the Music Kit. Behind these capabilities is the DSP56001 digital signal processor. Independent of sound and music, scientific applications can take advantage of the speed of the DSP. Concepts An examination of the design of the sound and music software, including chapters on the use of the DSP for other, nonaudio uses. Reference Detailed, comprehensive descriptions of each piece of the sound, music, and DSP software. ~ NeXT Development Tools A description of the tools used in developing a NeXT application, including the Edit application, the compiler and debugger, and some performance tools. ~ NeXT Operating System Software A description of NeXT's operating system, Mach. In addition, other low-level software is discussed. ~ Writing Loadable Kernel Servers How to write loadable kernel servers, such as device drivers and network protocols. ~ NeXT Technical Summaries Brief summaries of reference information related to NeXTstep, sound, music, and Mach, plus a glossary and indexes. ~ Supplemental Documentation Information about PostScript, RTF, and other file formats useful to application developers. NeXT Development Tools We at NeXT Computer have tried to make the information contained in this manual as accurate and reliable as possible. Nevertheless, NeXT disclaims any warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, as to any matter whatsoever relating to this manual, including without limitation the merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. NeXT will from time to time revise the software described in this manual and reserves the right to make such changes without obligation to notify the purchaser. In no event shall NeXT be liable for any indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of purchase or use of this manual or the information contained herein. Copyright ©1990 by NeXT Computer, Inc. All Rights Reserved. [2912.00] The NeXT logo and NeXTstep are registered trademarks of NeXT Computer, Inc., in the U.S. and other countries. NeXT, AppInspector, Digital Librarian, Digital Webster, Interface Builder, Music Kit, Sound Kit, and Workspace Manager are trademarks of NeXT Computer, Inc. Display PostScript and PostScript are registered trademarks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T. Helvetica is a registered trademark of Linotype AG and/or its subsidiaries and is used herein pursuant to license. WriteNow is a registered trademark ofT/Maker Company. All other trademarks mentioned belong to their respective owners. Notice to U.S. Government End Users: Restricted Rights Legends For civilian agencies: This software is licensed only with "Restricted Rights" and use, reproduction, or disclosure is subject to restrictions set forth in subparagraph (a) through (d) of the Commercial Computer Software-Restricted Rights clause at 52.227 -19 of the Federal Acquisition Regulations. Unpublished-rights reserved under the copyright laws of the United States and other countries. For units of the Department of Defense: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c )(1 )(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227 -70 13. NeXT Computer, Inc., 900 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063. Manual written by Gary Miller and Jim Inscore Edited by Caroline Rose, Roy West, and Helen Casabona Book design by Eddie Lee Illustrations by Jeff Yaksick and Don Donoughe Production by Adrienne Wong, Jennifer Yu, and Katherine Arthurs Publications management by Cathy Novak Reorder Product #N6007B Contents Introduction 1·1 Chapter 1: Putting Together a NeXT Application 1-3 The Application Development Process 1-6 Components of an Application Project 1-12 Putting the Components Together 1-18 Debugging 1-27 Installing an Application 2·1 Chapter 2: The VT100 Terminal Emulator: Terminal 2-4 Introduction to Terminal 2-4 Starting Terminal 2-4 Setting Preferences 2-9 The Main Menu 2-11 The Shell Menu 2-12 The Edit Menu 2-13 The Format Menu 2-14 The Find Menu 3·1 Chapter 3: The NeXT Mouse·Based Editor: Edit 3-3 Starting Up Edit 3-4 Opening Edit Files 3-5 Edit Windows 3-6 Selecting Text 3-6 U sing the Ruler 3-9 Contracting and Expanding Text in a File Window 3-11 Setting Preferences 3-17 Keyboard Editing Commands 3-18 Edit and UNIX 3-20 The Main Menu 3-20 The File Menu 3-23 The Edit Menu 3-28 The Find Menu 3-31 The Format Menu 3-32 The Font Menu 3-32 The Text Menu 3-34 The Structure Menu 3-34 The Utilities Menu 4-1 Chapter 4: Developer Applications and Utilities 4-3 The Object Browser Application: AppInspector 4-15 The MaHoc Debugger Application: MallocDebug 4-20 The Process Monitoring Application: ProcessMonitor 4-27 NeXT's PostScript Window Server Interface: pft 5-1 Chapter 5: The GNU C Compiler 5-3 GNU CC Command Options 5-14 C Programming Notes 5-17 Legal Considerations 6-1 Chapter 6: The GNU C Preprocessor 6-4 Global Transformations 6-4 Preprocessor Commands 6-5 Header Files 6-6 Macros 6-22 Conditionals 6-27 Pragmas 6-27 Combining Source Files 6-28 C Preprocessor Output 6-28 Invoking the C Preprocessor 7-1 Chapter 7: The GNU Source-Level Debugger 7-5 Summary ofGDB 7-6 Compiling Your Program for Debugging 7-7 Running GDB 7-13 Startup Files 7-13 GDB Commands for Specifying Files 7-14 Running Your Program under GDB 7 -17 Stopping and Continuing 7-27 Examining the Stack 7-29 Examining Source Files 7-33 Examining Data 7-41 Examining the Symbol Table 7-43 Setting Format Options 7 -43 Debugging PostScript 7 -44 Debugging Objective-C 7 -48 Debugging Mach Threads 7 -48 Debugging NeXT Core Files 7 -49 Altering Execution 7-50 Defining and Executing Sequences of Commands 7-52 Legal Considerations 8-1 Chapter 8: Mach Object Files 8-4 The Mach Header 8-5 The Load Commands 8-12 Relocation Information 8-13 The Makeup of Executable Object Files Index Introduction 3 How This Manual is Organized 4 Conventions 4 Syntax Notation 5 Special Characters 6 Notes and Warnings lntro-l Intro-2 Introduction This manual describes the essential tools for developing a NeXT™ application-these tools include the Terminal and Edit applications, miscellaneous developer applications, and the GNU C compiler, preprocessor, and debugger. The manual is part of a collection of manuals called the NeXT Developer's Library; the illustration facing the first page of this manual shows the complete set of manuals in this Library. Some topics that are discussed here aren't covered in detail; instead, you're referred to a generally available book on the subject, or to an on-line source of the information (see "Suggested Reading" in the NeXT Technical Summaries manual). This manual assumes you're familiar with the standard NeXT user interface. Some experience using a NeXT application would be helpful. A version of this manual is stored on-line in the NeXT Digital Library (which is described in the user's manual NeXT Applications). The Digital Library also contains Release Notes, which provide last-minute information about the latest release of the software. How This Manual is Organized This manual contains the following eight chapters: • Chapter 1, "Putting Together a NeXT Application," provides an overview of the procedures and tools that you'll use to assemble a working application. The tools introduced in this chapter are discussed in greater detail in other chapters of this manual and in other manuals in the NeXT Developer's Library. • Chapter 2, "The VTlOO™ Terminal Emulator: Terminal," describes NeXT's Terminal application, which you use to interact with a UNIX® shell from the NeXT workspace. • Chapter 3, "The NeXT Mouse-Based Editor: Edit," describes NeXT's mouse-based text editor, with which you can create and edit ASCII or RTF text files. • Chapter 4, "Developer Applications and Utilities," describes miscellaneous applications and utilities that are useful in programming on a NeXT computer. Using these applications, you can look into a running application and examine its data, measure the dynamic memory usage of an application, and get information about the processes running on your NeXT computer. This chapter also describes a shell-based interface to the PostScript® Window Server. Intro-3 • Chapter 5, "The GNU C Compiler," describes GNU CC, the ANSI-standard C compiler used on NeXT computers. The chapter also describes how to compile a C program using the GNU compiler. • Chapter 6, "The GNU C Preprocessor," describes the macro preprocessor that's used to transform your C program or application before actual compilation. The chapter provides information about header files, macros, and conditionals. It also lists the options that can be used with the cpp (C preprocessor) command. • Chapter 7, "The GNU Source-Level Debugger," describes how to debug a C program using GDB, the GNU debugger. • Chapter 8, "Mach Object Files," describes the format of Mach object (also known as Mach-a) files. This format is used on NeXT computers instead of the standard UNIX 4.3BSD a.out format. Conventions Syntax Notation Where this manual shows the syntax of a function, command, or other programming element, the use of bold, italic, square brackets, and ellipsis has special significance, as described here.