Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Ruhweza, Daniel Ronald (2016) Situating the Place for Traditional Justice Mechanisms in International Criminal Justice: A Critical Analysis of the implications of the Juba Peace Agreement on Reconciliation and Accountability. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent,. DOI Link to record in KAR http://kar.kent.ac.uk/56646/ Document Version UNSPECIFIED Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. 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Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html Situating the Place for Traditional Justice Mechanisms in International Criminal Justice: A Critical Analysis of the implications of the Juba Peace Agreement on Reconciliation and Accountability By DANIEL RONALD RUHWEZA Supervised by Dr. Emily Haslam, Prof. Toni Williams & Prof. Wade Mansell A Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the Award of the Doctor of Philosophy in Law (International Criminal Law) at University of Kent at Canterbury April 2016 DECLARATION I declare that the thesis I have presented for examination for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of Kent at Canterbury is exclusively my own work other than where I have evidently specified that it is the work of other people. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. It can be quoted, although full acknowledgement has to be made. This thesis may not be replicated without the prior written approval of the author. I permit that this consent does not, to the best of my knowledge, contravene the rights of any third party. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ...........................................................................................................................ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... iii DEDICATION .............................................................................................................................. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... vii ACRONYMS .............................................................................................................................. viii LIST OF LEGISLATION ............................................................................................................ x CASES .............................................................................................................................................xi ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................. 13 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 14 1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 14 1.1 SIGNIFICANCE .......................................................................................... 15 1.2 PEACE VERSUS JUSTICE DEBATE ............................................................ 16 1.3 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES ........................................................................... 30 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................ 30 1.5 METHODOLOGY ....................................................................................... 31 1.5.1 The Critical Legal Pluralist Conception of the Law .................................................. 34 1.6 OUTLINE OF THE THESIS ........................................................................ 43 CHAPTER TWO: THE NEEDS AND GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE SETTLEMENT OF THE CONFLICT IN NORTHERN UGANDA .............................................................. 45 2.1 THE HISTORY OF UGANDA AND THE LRA CONFLICT........................... 45 2.2 AN EXPLORATION OF THE UGANDAN SOCIETY AND POLITICS .......... 45 2.2.1 Interlacustrine Kingdoms ........................................................................ 47 2.2.2 The Segmentary Societies of Northern Uganda ......................................................... 51 2.3 THE LORD’S RESISTANCE ARMY REBELLION ....................................................... 57 iii 2.3.1 Background To The Juba Peace Talks .......................................................................... 62 2.3.2 The Juba Peace Negotiations ........................................................................................... 67 2.3.3 Towards A Sustainable Post-Conflict Settlement ........................................ 70 CHAPTER THREE: THE JUBA PEACE TALKS................................................................ 78 3.0 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................ 78 3.1 EXPLORING THE CONCEPT OF TRADITION AND TRADITIONAL JUSTICE ............................................................................................................................................. 78 3.2 TRADITIONAL JUSTICE MECHANISMS AND THEIR ROLE IN POST CONFLICT SITUATIONS ............................................................................................................ 87 3.3 THE EFFICACY OF TRADITIONAL JUSTICE MECHANISMS ................... 89 CHAPTER FOUR: THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL PROCESS ......................... 103 4.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 103 4.1 THE CASE FOR INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW ............................... 103 4.2 AN ANALYSIS OF UGANDA’S REFERRAL OF THE LRA/M TO THE ICC 108 4.3 THE CASE FOR A PURPOSIVE INTERPRETATION OF THE LAW ......... 120 4.4 COMPLEMENTARITY UNDER THE ICC ................................................. 123 4.4.1 A Brief Historical Account of Complementarity ....................................... 125 4.4.2 Complementarity Today ........................................................................ 127 4.4.2.1 The Concept of Unwillingness to investigate a Situation ................................................ 128 4.4.2.2 The Concept Of Genuineness in carrying out Proceedings .............................................. 129 4.4.2.3 The Criterion of Inability to Investigate or Prosecute ..................................................... 130 4.4.2.4 Determining the Gravity of the Offence ............................................................................ 134 4.4.3 The Challenge of Positive Complementarity ............................................. 137 4.5 THE ICC AND THE JUBA PEACE PROCESS ............................................. 145 iv 4.6 CONCLUSION .......................................................................................... 147 CHAPTER FIVE: HOW THEORIES IN LEGAL PLURALISM ATTEMPT TO ADDRESS THE SHORTCOMINGS IN MAINSTREAM ICL ....................................... 149 5.0 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 149 5.1 DEFINING LEGAL PLURALISM .............................................................. 149 5.2 CLASSIFICATION OF LEGAL PLURALISM ............................................................. 150 5.2.1 The Error of Legal Centralism ........................................................................................... 153 5.3.2 The Inherent Plurality of the State Law .......................................................................... 156 5.3.3 Applying a Legal Pluralism Framework to the Juba Peace Agreement ............. 161 CHAPTER SIX: HOW THE CRITICAL LEGAL PLURALISM INTERPRETIVE FRAMEWORK GIVES AN EFFECTIVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE JUBA PEACE AGREEMENT ........................................................................................................... 168 6.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 168 6.2 THE CASE FOR CRITICAL LEGAL PLURALISM ..................................... 169 6.2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 169 6.2.3 Applying a Critical Legal Pluralist Interpretive Framework to the Juba Peace Agreement ......................................................................................................................................... 170 CHAPTER SEVEN: CONCLUSION .................................................................................... 180 7.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 180 7.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF RESEARCH FINDINGS ............................................................... 183 7.3 AREAS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH .........................................................