GLOBAL LIVESTOCK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MODEL Version 2.0 Data reference year: 2010 Model description Revision 5 July 2018 GLOBAL LIVESTOCK ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT MODEL Model Description Version 2.0 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. 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Contents LIST OF TABLES .............................................................................................................................................................. i LIST OF FIGURES........................................................................................................................................................... iii ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................................................................................. v CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 – MODEL OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 –GLEAM AND THE LCA FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................. 1 1.3 – SOURCES OF EMISSIONS .................................................................................................................................. 4 1.4 – DATA RESOLUTION .......................................................................................................................................... 5 1.5 – LIVESTOCK DISTRIBUTION AND PRODUCTION SYSTEMS ................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2 – HERD MODULE ........................................................................................................................................ 9 2.1 – HERD MODULE: LARGE RUMINANTS ............................................................................................................. 12 2.2 – HERD MODULE: SMALL RUMINANTS............................................................................................................. 17 2.3 – HERD MODULE: PIGS ..................................................................................................................................... 21 2.4 – HERD MODULE: CHICKENS ............................................................................................................................ 24 CHAPTER 3 – FEED RATION AND INTAKE MODULE .................................................................................................... 31 3.1 – CROP YIELDS AND PASTURE PRODUCTIVITY .................................................................................................. 31 3.2 –RUMINANTS’ FEED RATIONS .......................................................................................................................... 32 3.3 –MONOGASTRICS’ FEED RATION ...................................................................................................................... 44 3.4 – NUTRITIONAL VALUES ................................................................................................................................... 52 3.5 – ENERGY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 53 3.6 – FEED INTAKE .................................................................................................................................................. 64 CHAPTER 4 – ANIMAL EMISSIONS MODULE............................................................................................................... 65 4.1 – MANURE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ............................................................................................................... 65 4.2 – METHANE EMISSIONS FROM ENTERIC FERMENTATION ............................................................................... 67 4.3 – METHANE EMISSIONS FROM MANURE MANAGEMENT ............................................................................... 67 4.4 – NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS FROM MANURE MANAGEMENT ...................................................................... 69 4.5 – TOTALIZING EMISSIONS AT HERD OR FLOCK LEVEL ...................................................................................... 73 CHAPTER 5 – MANURE MODULE ................................................................................................................................ 74 5.1 – NITROGEN EXCRETION RATES........................................................................................................................ 74 5.2 – NITROGEN LOSSES FROM MANAGEMENT .................................................................................................... 74 5.2 – APPLICATION RATES TO ARABLE AND PASTURE LAND .................................................................................. 75 CHAPTER 6 – FEED EMISSIONS MODULE .................................................................................................................... 76 6.1 – CO2 EMISSIONS ............................................................................................................................................. 78 6.2 – NITROUS OXIDE EMISSIONS ........................................................................................................................... 82 6.3 – METHANE EMISSIONS FROM RICE USED FOR FEED ...................................................................................... 84 6.4 – GHG EMISSIONS ARISING FROM THE PRODUCTION OF NON-CROP FEED MATERIALS ................................ 84 6.5 – ALLOCATION OF EMISSIONS BETWEEN CROP AND CROP CO-PRODUCTS .................................................... 85 6.6 – EMISSIONS FROM FEED CONSUMPTION ....................................................................................................... 90 6.7 – TOTALIZING EMISSIONS AT HERD OR FLOCK LEVEL ...................................................................................... 91 CHAPTER 7 – EMISSIONS FROM ENERGY USE ............................................................................................................ 92 7.1 – EMISSIONS FROM CAPITAL GOODS – INDIRECT ENERGY USE ....................................................................... 92 7.2 – EMISSIONS RELATED TO ON-FARM ENERGY USE – DIRECT ENERGY USE ..................................................... 92 CHAPTER 8 – POST-FARM EMISSIONS ........................................................................................................................ 93 8.1 – EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORT ...................................................................................................................... 93 8.2 – PROCESSING AND PACKAGING ...................................................................................................................... 94 8.3 – TOTAL POST-FARM EMISSION FACTORS ........................................................................................................ 94 CHAPTER 9 – ALLOCATION MODULE .......................................................................................................................... 96 9.1 – TOTAL LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 99 9.2 – AGGREGATION OF TOTAL EMISSIONS ......................................................................................................... 101 9.3 – ALLOCATION OF EMISSIONS AND EMISSION INTENSITIES .......................................................................... 102 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................................................. 106 APPENDIX