Somalia, a country study Federal Research Division Somalia, a country study Table of Contents Somalia, a country study..........................................................................................................................................1 Federal Research Division.............................................................................................................................2 FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................5 Preface............................................................................................................................................................6 GEOGRAPHY...............................................................................................................................................7 ECONOMY...................................................................................................................................................8 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS...............................................................................................................9 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................10 THE SOMALIS: THEIR ORIGINS, MIGRATIONS, AND SETTLEMENT............................................17 Emergence of Adal.......................................................................................................................................18 The Somali Peninsula on the Eve of Imperial Partition...............................................................................19 SOMALIA...................................................................................................................................................20 FOREWORD...............................................................................................................................................21 Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................................22 Preface..........................................................................................................................................................23 COUNTRY PROFILE.................................................................................................................................24 GEOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................................................25 SOCIETY.....................................................................................................................................................26 ECONOMY.................................................................................................................................................27 TRANSPORTATION..................................................................................................................................28 GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS.............................................................................................................29 NATIONAL SECURITY............................................................................................................................30 Introduction..................................................................................................................................................31 Chapter 1. Historical Setting........................................................................................................................38 THE SOMALIS: THEIR ORIGINS, MIGRATIONS, AND SETTLEMENT............................................39 Coastal Towns..............................................................................................................................................40 Emergence of Adal.......................................................................................................................................41 Mogadishu and Its Banaadir Hinterlands.....................................................................................................42 The Somali Peninsula on the Eve of Imperial Partition...............................................................................43 The Majeerteen Sultanates...........................................................................................................................44 IMPERIAL PARTITION.............................................................................................................................45 Mahammad Abdille Hasau's Dervish Resistance to Colonial Occupation..................................................47 Consolidation of Colonial Rule....................................................................................................................48 Somalia During World War II.....................................................................................................................49 British Military Administration...................................................................................................................50 Trusteeship and Protectorate: The Road to Independence...........................................................................53 FROM INDEPENDENCE TO REVOLUTION..........................................................................................57 Problems of National Integration.................................................................................................................58 Pan−Somalism.............................................................................................................................................59 Foreign Relations, 1960−69.........................................................................................................................61 The Husseen Government............................................................................................................................62 The Igaal Government.................................................................................................................................63 Coup d'Etat...................................................................................................................................................65 THE REVOLUTIONARY REGIME..........................................................................................................66 Supreme Revolutionary Council..................................................................................................................67 Challenges to the Regime............................................................................................................................69 Siad Barre and Scientific Socialism.............................................................................................................70 The Language and Literacy Issue................................................................................................................71 i Somalia, a country study Table of Contents Somalia, a country study Creation of the Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party.................................................................................72 SOMALIA'S DIFFICULT DECADE, 1980−90..........................................................................................73 Siad Barre's Repressive Measures................................................................................................................75 Persecution of the Majeerteen......................................................................................................................76 Oppression of the Isaaq................................................................................................................................77 Harrying of the Hawiye................................................................................................................................78 Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environemnt...............................................................................................80 PHYSICAL SETTING................................................................................................................................82 Climate.........................................................................................................................................................83 Terrain, Vegetation, and Drainage...............................................................................................................84 POPULATION AND SETTLEMENT PATTERNS...................................................................................86 THE SEGMENTARY SOCIAL ORDER....................................................................................................89 Samaal..........................................................................................................................................................91 Digil and Rahanwayn...................................................................................................................................93 Riverine and Coastal People of Non−Somali Origin...................................................................................95 Specialized Occupational Groups................................................................................................................96 Social Change..............................................................................................................................................97