Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering 56 Editors Timothy J. Barth Michael Griebel David E. Keyes Risto M. Nieminen Dirk Roose Tamar Schlick Stavros C. Kassinos Carlos A. Langer Gianluca Iaccarino Parviz Moin (Eds.) Complex Effects in Large Eddy Simulations With 233 Figures, 51 Colour Plates and 17 Tables ABC Editors Stavros C. Kassinos Gianluca Iaccarino Carlos A. Langer Parviz Moin Department of Mechanical Department of Mechanical Engineering and Manufacturing Engineering Stanford University University of Cyprus Escondido Mall 488 Kallipoleos Street 75 94305-3035 Stanford, USA 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933936 Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 76F65, 80A32, 76F55, 65C20, 76F50, 76M28, 65M15, 65M50 ISBN-10 3-540-34233-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-34233-5 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media springer.com c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2007 The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Typesetting: by the authors and techbooks using a Springer LATEX macro package Cover design: design & production GmbH, Heidelberg Printed on acid-free paper SPIN: 11754695 46/techbooks 543210 This LNCSE volume marks the launching of UCY-CompSci, an initiative in the Computational Sciences supported by a Marie Curie Transfer of Knowledge Fellowship of the European Community’s Sixth Framework Programme, under contract number MTKD-CT-2004-014199. Preface This volume contains a collection of expert views on the state of the art in Large Eddy Simulation (LES) and its application to complex flows. Much of the material in this volume was inspired by contributions that were originally presented at the symposium on Complex Effects in Large Eddy Simulation held in Lemesos (Limassol), Cyprus, between September 21st and 24th, 2005. The symposium was organized by the University of Cyprus together with the Center for Turbulence Research at Stanford University and NASA Ames Research Center. Many of the problems that must be tackled in order to advance technol- ogy and science increasingly require synergetic approaches across disciplines. Computational Science refers to interdisciplinary research aiming at the solu- tion of complex scientific and engineering problems under the unifying theme of computation. The explosive growth of computer power over the last few decades, and the advancement of computational methods, have enabled the application of computational approaches to an ever-increasing set of problems. One of the most challenging problems to treat computationally in the discipline of Computational Fluid Dynamics is that of turbulent fluid flow. Turbulent flow contains eddies, representing seemingly chaotic zig-zagging or swirling motion, that extend over many orders of magnitude in size. One can attempt to simulate turbulent flow by faithfully representing motion at all scales, but then even with the most powerful supercomputers available today, our simulations would be limited to low speeds and geometries that are far too simple for engineering application. One of the most accurate and elegant alternatives, while striving to keep a reasonable solution cost, is LES. Large Eddy Simulation has its origins in a simulation approach first used for weather prediction. In many engineering applications, as in Meteorology, the large-scale turbulent motions are of primary interest, so in LES they are simulated in their entirety. Smaller-scale eddies are not of direct interest, and are thus not simulated directly, but since they do affect the large-scale turbulence, a model has to account for their presence. The field of Large Eddy Simulations is now reaching a level of maturity that brings this approach to VIII Preface the mainstream of engineering computations while it opens new opportunities and brings new challenges for further progress. The symposium that inspired this volume was held in Cyprus to mark the launching of a new initiative in the Computational Sciences at the Engineering School of the University of Cyprus. This initiative became possible through a generous grant from the European Community under a Marie Curie Transfer of Knowledge fellowship of the Sixth Framework Program (contract number MTKD-CT-2004-014199). The organization of the Symposium was made pos- sible by contributions from several organizations. We are glad to acknowledge our gratitude to the following institutions: the University of Cyprus, the Cen- ter for Turbulence Research, and the Cyprus Energy Regulatory Authority. In addition, the organization of the event would not have been possible with- out the help of Thanasis Vazouras, Elena Takoushi, Filippos Filippou and Ria Demosthenous who made an incredible job behind the scenes ensuring an efficient yet warm atmosphere during the symposium. The symposium brought together experts from different countries to dis- cuss the state-of-the-art and the emerging approaches in treating complex effects in LES and the role of LES in the context of multi scale modeling and simulation. The workshop provided an opportunity for open discussion on current issues in LES, strengthened existing collaborations and developed new contacts between participants that we believe will help in advancing the state of the art in LES. With this volume we share with the community de- velopments inspired by the symposium. Nicosia, Stavros C. Kassinos May 2006 Carlos A. Langer Gianluca Iaccarino Parviz Moin Contents Complex Effects in Large Eddy Simulations P. Moin, G. Iaccarino ............................................ 1 On the Relation between Subgrid-Scale Modeling and Numerical Discretization in Large-Eddy Simulation N. A. Adams, S. Hickel, T. Kempe, J. A. Domaradzki ................ 15 Space-Time Error Representation and Estimation in Navier-Stokes Calculations T. J. Barth ..................................................... 29 Multiresolution Particle Methods M. Bergdorf, P. Koumoutsakos .................................... 49 LES Computation of Lagrangian Statistics in Homogeneous Stationary Turbulence; Application of Universalities under Scaling Symmetry at Sub-Grid Scales M. Gorokhovski, A. Chtab ......................................... 63 Anisotropic Subgrid-Scale Modelling: Comparison of LES with High Resolution DNS and Statistical Theory for Rapidly Rotating Turbulence L. Shao, F. S. Godeferd, C. Cambon, Z. S. Zhang, G. Z. Cui, C. X. Xu 77 On the Investigation of a Dynamic Nonlinear Subgrid-Scale Model I. Wendling, M. Oberlack ......................................... 89 Three Problems in the Large–Eddy Simulation of Complex Turbulent Flows K. Mahesh, Y. Hou, P. Babu ...................................... 99 X Contents Filtering the Wall as a Solution to the Wall-Modeling Problem R. D. Moser, A. Das, A. Bhattacharya .............................117 A Near-Wall Eddy-Viscosity Formulation for LES G.Kalitzin,J.A.Templeton,G.Medic.............................127 Investigation of Multiscale Subgrid Models for LES of Instabilities and Turbulence in Wake Vortex Systems R. Cocle, L. Dufresne, G. Winckelmans .............................141 Numerical Determination of the Scaling Exponent of the Modeled Subgrid Stresses for Eddy Viscosity Models M. Klein, M. Freitag, J. Janicka ...................................161 A Posteriori Study on Modelling and Numerical Error in LES Applying the Smagorinsky Model T. Brandt .......................................................173 Passive Scalar and Dissipation Simulations with the Linear Eddy Model C. Papadopoulos, K. Sardi ........................................191 Lattice-Boltzmann LES of Vortex Shedding in the Wake of a Square Cylinder P. Mart´ınez-Lera, S. Izquierdo, N. Fueyo ...........................203 LES on Cartesian Grids with Anisotropic Refinement G. Iaccarino, F. Ham ............................................219 Towards Time-Stable and Accurate LES on Unstructured Grids F. Ham, K. Mattsson, G. Iaccarino, P. Moin ........................235 A Low-Numerical Dissipation, Patch-Based Adaptive- Mesh-Refinement Method for Large-Eddy Simulation of Compressible Flows C. Pantano, R. Deiterding, D. J. Hill, D. I. Pullin ...................251 Large-Eddy Simulation of Richtmyer-Meshkov Instability D. J. Hill, C. Pantano, D. I. Pullin ................................263 LES of Variable Density Bifurcating Jets A. Tyliszczak, A. Boguslawski .....................................273 Large-Eddy Simulation of a Turbulent Flow around a Multi-Perforated Plate S. Mendez, F. Nicoud, T. Poinsot ..................................289 Contents XI Simulation of Separation from Curved Surfaces with Combined LES and