Findings from the Preliminary Analysis of Faunal Remains at Ancient Eleon by Matthew Bullock B.A, Anthropology, University of Victoria, 2012 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Anthropology © Matthew Bullock, 2018 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Findings from the Preliminary Analysis of Faunal Remains at Ancient Eleon by Matthew Bullock B.A, Anthropology, University of Victoria, 2012 Supervisory Committee Dr. Yin Lam, Co-supervisor Department of Anthropology Dr. Brendan Burke, Co-supervisor Department of Greek and Roman Studies iii Abstract A relatively small, but well-preserved, assemblage of faunal remains centered around an apparent refuse heap in the southwest quadrant of Eleon has been analyzed to determine the relative representation of domesticated and wild taxa, as well as mortality profiles for sheep and goats. Although the total number of identified specimens is low, at 1059 fragments, several patterns have emerged in the data that warrant further analysis. The representation of deer among these remains is higher than at other sites on the Greek mainland. Lower utility elements such as metapodials and tibiae are better represented than meatier portions of the skeleton, suggesting that entire carcasses were being processed onsite. Mortality profiles developed from sheep and goat mandibles indicate distinct management strategies for each species, with a high number of very young and juvenile goats, compared with many more mature sheep. Overall, the faunal remains from this deposit suggest a varied economy in the post-palatial period, exploiting a wide range of species for both primary and secondary animal products. Further faunal analysis at Eleon is warranted to allow for comparisons across time periods and between locations at the site. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee ...................................................................................................... ii Abstract .............................................................................................................................. iii Table of Contents ............................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ..................................................................................................................... vi List of Figures ................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................ viii Dedication .......................................................................................................................... ix Chapter 1 - Introduction ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Context ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Research Questions and Hypotheses .................................................................... 2 1.3. Thesis Structure .................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2 - Literature Review ............................................................................................ 6 2.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Bronze Age Greece ............................................................................................... 6 2.2.1. Bronze Age Chronology ....................................................................................... 6 2.2.2. The Early and Middle Helladic ............................................................................. 8 2.2.3. The Late Helladic ................................................................................................ 13 2.2.4. Mycenaean Thebes ............................................................................................. 14 2.2.5. Linear B .............................................................................................................. 15 2.2.6. The Mycenaean Economy .................................................................................. 17 2.2.7. Late Helladic Eleon ............................................................................................ 21 2.3. Modeling Animal Exploitation ........................................................................... 28 2.3.1. The Secondary Products Revolution ................................................................... 28 2.3.2. Payne’s Models ................................................................................................... 30 2.3.3. The Survival Subsistence Model ........................................................................ 32 2.4. Greek Faunal Analyses ....................................................................................... 36 2.4.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 36 2.4.2. Lefkandi .............................................................................................................. 37 2.4.3. Oropos ................................................................................................................. 40 2.4.4. Lerna ................................................................................................................... 42 2.4.5. Midea .................................................................................................................. 44 2.4.6. Eleusis ................................................................................................................. 46 2.4.7. Nichoria .............................................................................................................. 47 2.4.8. Megalo Nisi Galanis ........................................................................................... 49 2.4.9. Faunal Reports Summary .................................................................................... 50 Chapter 3 - Methods ......................................................................................................... 52 3.1. Recording the Assemblage ................................................................................. 52 3.1.1. Recovery and Data Entry .................................................................................... 52 3.1.2. Quantification ..................................................................................................... 53 3.1.3. Aggregation ........................................................................................................ 56 3.1.4. Measurements ..................................................................................................... 57 3.2. Sheep and Goat Mortality Profiles ...................................................................... 58 3.2.1. Recording Mandibular Tooth Wear .................................................................... 58 v 3.2.2. Ternary diagrams ................................................................................................ 61 3.2.3. Percent Survivorship curves ............................................................................... 65 Chapter 4 - Results And Discussion ................................................................................. 66 4.1. Introduction ......................................................................................................... 66 4.2. Ovicaprid (Undetermined Sheep/Goat, Sheep, and Goat) .................................. 71 4.2.1. Sheep and goat mandibles ................................................................................... 79 4.2.2. Ternary diagrams ................................................................................................ 81 4.3. Suid (Pig/Wild boar) ........................................................................................... 85 4.4. Cervid .................................................................................................................. 89 4.5. Cattle ................................................................................................................... 92 4.6. Equid ................................................................................................................... 96 4.7. Canid ................................................................................................................... 99 4.8. Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 101 Chapter 5 - Conclusion ................................................................................................... 103 References ....................................................................................................................... 107 Appendix A: Catalogue of identified faunal remains ..................................................... 115 Appendix B: Ovicaprid mandible data tables ................................................................. 177 vi List of Tables Table 2-1 Table from Van Damme 2017b:17 showing the chronology of the Late Helladic occupation layers at