DOCUMENT RESUME ED 315 322 SE 051 220 AUTHOR Conrey, Kathleen TITLE Lecture Notes on Human Anatomy. Part Two, Fourth Edition. PUB DATE Sep 89 NOTE 105p.; For related documents, see SE 051 218-221. Black and white illustrations will not reproduce clearly. AVAILABLE FROMAramaki Design and Publications, 12077 Jefferson Blvd., Culver City, CA 90506 ($7.75). PUB TYPE Guides - Classroom Use - Materials (For Learn.,-) (051) EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS *Anatomy; *Biological Sciences; *College Science; Higher Education; *Human Body; *Lecture Method; Science Education; Secondary Education; Secondary School Science; Teaching Guides; Teaching Methods ABSTRACT During the process of studying the specific course content of human anatomy, students are being educated toexpand their vocabulary, deal successfully with complex tasks, and learna specific way of thinking. This is the second volume ina set of notes which are designed to accompany a lecture series in humananatomy. This volume includes discussions of tissues, cells,and histology; development and embryology; epithelial, glandular, connective,blood, and muscular tissues; and the internal viscera includingthe digestive system, the urinary system, the reproductivesystem, the respiratory system, the circulatory system, and the lymphaticsystem. (CW) X**************************************01*****************************x* * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best thatcan be made * 1* from the original document. * *******0.*************************************************************** "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION MATERIAL IN MICROFICHE ONLY Office or Educe:lona Rssearcn and Irsprtnernent H BEEN GRANTED BY EDUCATIONAL. RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) document hes been reproduced se e1_,..60 )64recetved from the person or orgenuatton orionslono tt. 0 Mtnordueness on have been made to improve reprodouatity TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES Pointe of view or opinions stated m the doer smolt do not ffeCeate My represent official INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)." OEM povien or Policy TURE ES . TO rt ourttlEtIQ ..\"`\..,, by KATHLEEN CONREY 2 11'7' LECTURE NOTES on HUMAN ANATOMY Part Two Fourth Edition The author is a Professor of Natural Sciences at FA Camino College. She holdsa master's degree from the Department of Human Anatomy, University of California, SanFrancisco, and has been teaching human anatomy at the community college level since 1967. by KATHLEEN C3NREY The author is a Professor of Natural Sciences at El Camino College. She holdsa master's degree from the Department of Human Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, andhas been teaching human anatomy at the community college level since 1967. Aramaki Design & Publications 12077 Jefferson Boulevard, Culver City, California (213) 822-9800 Fourth Edition, September, 1989 Copyright C4)198?, by Kathleen Conrey All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ina reirkval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recordingor otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. First edition and first printing 1982 Printed in the United States of America TABLE OF CONTENTS HISTOLOGY INTRODUCTION I THE CELL 2 Cell Membranes and Membrane Transport 2 Cell Organelles 3 EMBRYOLOGY 5 Germ Layer Formation 6 Germ Layer Derivatives 7 EPITHELIUM 9 GLANDS 13 CONNECTIVE TISSUE 17 Fiber Types 17 Matrix Types 18 Cell Types 18 Aging Cartilage and Bone 23 BLOOD 24 Hemopoiesis 24 Hemostasis 24 Erythrocytes 26 Hemoglobin and Anemia 26 Leukocytes 27 MUSCLE TISSUE 30 Sarcomere Anatomy 30 Sliding Filament Contraction 31 Types of Muscle Tissue 31 ARCHITECTURAL PLANS OF SIMPLE ORGANS 33 Blood Vessel Walls 33 Skin 33 Mucous Membranes 34 INTERNAL VISCERA PART I DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 36 Peritoneal Membranes 36 Mouth and Pharynx 37 Esophagus and Stomach 38 Intestine 40 ACCESSORY DIGESTIVE GLANDS 43 Liver 43 Le'ture Notes Part I 5 Table of Contents Gallbladder and Pancreas 45 Duct System 45 URINARY SYSTEM 47 GROSS ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY 47 Kidney Gross Anatomy 47 The Nephron Unit 49 Urine Collection System 51 Summary of Pathways 52 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 53 The Perineum 53 How it Works 55 Reproductive Organ Embryology 56 Male Internal Reproductive Organs 59 Female Internal Reproductive Organs 61 Menstrual Cycle 63 Breast 64 Endocrine Control Mechanisms 64 INTERNAL VISCERA PART II RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 66 Functions 66 Pharynx 67 Larynx 68 Lung 70 Respiratory Tree 71 Pleural Anatomy 73 Pathology 74 HEART 75 Location and Walls of the Heart 75 A Pair of Pumps 76 Major Vessels Attached to the Heart 77 Valves 78 Cardiac Cycle 79 Coronary Vessels 79 Conducting System 82 Fetal Heart 83 BLOOD VESSELS 84 Chest Area Arteries 84 Chest Area Veins 85 Hcad and Neck Arteries 86 Head and Neck Veins 87 Arm Vessels 88 Abdominal Vessels 39 Lecture Notes Part I ii Table of Contents Pelvic Vessels 90 Leg Vessels 91 LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 93 Tissue Fluid Transport 93 Fat Transport 94 Immune Functions 94 Lymphoid Organs 95 ANGIOLOGY 97 Lecture Notes Part I Table of Contents Introduction to Histology Histology is the microscopic study of tissues and also the microscopic study of organ architecture. Cells are the building blocks of the tissues. Tissues are groupings of similaror identical cells. There are four basic tissue types: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nerve tissue. Tissues are organized into organs. Mostorgans are made of all four tissue types, but the tissuesare put together in dif- ferent proportions and with a different architectural plan for each organ. Similar organs are grouped together into units which either obviously function together, or are similar issome other way. Such groupings are called systems. Examples: the digestive system, the endocrine system, the reproductive system, etc. Lecture Notes Part II 1 Histology 8 The Cell CELL MEMBRANES ONOSS Osmosis is a special case of diffusior. It The cell membrane (unit membrane) is requires a semipermeable membrane whose trilarred, totaling 75 angstroms in diame- pore size prevents movement of the solute, ter. The core of the triad is phospholipid but permits movement of the solvent. The material The outer layers of the triad are solvent will obey the laws of diffusion; i.e. it globular proteins with which the phosphol- will move down a concentration gradient ipid core is studded. Some of these proteins from an area where there is a greatercon- are purely structural, others are interactive centration of solvent towards an area where enzymes needed for (such things as) mem- there is a lesser concentration of solvent. brane transport functions. In biology the solvent is always water,so a There are pores in the membrane which are good definition of osmosis is: the passage of approximately three angstroms in diameter. water through a semipermeable membrane The presence of these pores is what makes according to the laws of diffusion. the membrane semipermeable. Ions and par- Tonicity ticles smaller than three angstroms diameter The terms hypertonic, hypotonic and iso- are able to pass through the membrane pas- tonic relate to osmosis. sively. Anything larger is prevented passage except by active transport mechanisms. Hypertonic refers to a solution of rela- tively high solute concentration (low con- MEMBRANE TRANSPORT centration of water). Hypotonic is the opposite of hyper- PASSIVE TRANSPORT tonic. Passive transport through a membrane is a property of the semipermeable nature of the Isotonic refers to a state of equilibrium membrtne. Several types of passive trans- in which the total solute concentrations port are possible: on the two sides of the membrane are equal (even though this state may require DIFFUSION very different volumes of solvent to be Semipermeable membranes permit dif- present on the two sides of the mem- fusion, although a membrane is not neces- brane). sary for diffusion to occur. Diffusion is the -novement of solute parades or ions down a ACTIVE TRANSPORT concentration gradient from an area of Active transport is due to phys;ological higher ,,oncentration toward an area of lower properties of the membrane that make it concentration until er,-ailibtium is estab- selectively permeable. Active transport lished. always requires both: FILTRATION a specific enzyme Fitmipermeable membranes permit filtration. expenditure of energy Filtration is the passive movement of solute Examples: particles or ions through a semipermeable a. Insulin and glucose transport membrane in response to gravity, pressure, b. The Sodium Pump. or suction. Lecture Notes Part II 2 Histology 9 CELL ORGANELLES plasm. A good example of this is the MITOCHONDRIA lysosome enzymes that are used for cellular Mitochondria are the energy producing digestion of phagocytized particles. factories of the cell. These structuresare VACUOLES responsible for cellular respiration, i.e. the A vacuole is any membrane bound inclusion stepwise degradation of the cellular fuel body found inside the cell. It is producedby glucose Hydrogen ions are released during a pinching off of cellular membranes during this process, and they in turn are combined such processes as phagocytosis and pino- with oxygen in such a way that energy isre- cytosis. Secretion droplets and lysosomes leased. The by products of thisprocess are produced by the Golgi apparatuscan also be carbon dioxide and water. Some of theen- considered as vacuoles. ergy produced is in the form of heat; the rest CB4TROSOPE of the energy