LIBRARY OF THE U NIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT L RB M%%CHAN RMCN I N M EM OR Y OF A H STEW R T S . OWE JOU R N A L I SM C L A S S OF 1 92 8 STEWA R T S H OWE F OU N DA TI ON I . H . S SPECIAL EDITI ON F or P rivate Dis tribu tion Co ri ht 1 93 9 b p y g , , y M D H . ARBAUGH P rin t ed in t he U nit ed S t at es of A m erica by The Wil l iam F eat her Comp any Cl evel an d, Ohio N E - S A W - J E - W O N a s tbe Otta wa s say A Ta l e o f TH E WA TE R S TH A T R U N DO WN FRO M LA KE SU P E Rl O R TO TH E SEA H E E N M M A RTI N L . D F ra n L everett grid to t e To r. k h M emory of M F n ra B . a r. k T yl or: h h n a l h l c n L e n l T u e a a e u . T a ro g r y f t ry D r vere tt a d M r . y or expl ored and deciphered the records m ade by the con tinen tal ‘ l i h hei g aciers du r ng t e I ce A ge . F rom t r s tudies was reveal ed the ascina in his the ea L ake T he a el l ed o o Gr s . v f t g t ry f t y tr , mainl on oo housands o mil es al n th l acial m aines y f t, t f o g e g or cmd ove the beaches sho es and beds o the ancien l akes r , r f t , m a i din nd m a i h en he e su n ec n . r g, r or g a pp g as t ey w t T y em bodied their observations a nd con cl usions in many scientifi c l i i T hei w rk n d hei l i es ha e been an ins i a p ub cat ons . r o a t r v v p r tion to other geol ogis ts who have fol l owed their foots tep s and to m an s uden s who abso bed in hei l ec u e hal l s the y t t r , t r t r , — in e in l n M u ch his al e E - A ter st gs tory of g aciatio . of t t N S W " E - the wa e s ha u n d n m L ake u erio I WON , of t r t t r ow fro S p r ” " to the sea —is d aw n om hei cl assic v l ume T he r fr t r o , P l eis tocene of M ichiga n an d I ndiana an d the H is tory of the ’ " ea L akes nd e M in es a nd ho e r a D r . L eve o a G t , from r tt s r S r ”— L ines of the L ake S up erio r R egion p ubl ications of the U ni d a e e l ical e te St t s G o og S u rv y . 7 m , F O R E W O R D H E S o f G L t o tory the reat akes , familiar geologists the world is so u t o who fi n d over, romantic that it sho ld be known all ensu re in u nderstanding nat u ral environment and the man u t o ner o f it s development . The story sho ld have a strong appeal all who know and love the broad waters o f the G reat Lakes and the pict u resq ue bea u ty o f their shores . S a o u o f u cu t o everal years g a gro p b siness men , ac stomed a mid u o n da aflo at t o s mmer trip together a lake freighter , each y gathered u u o f u u . O o f co n disc ss s bjects m t al interest ne them , a geologist , trib u ted a series o f informal tal ks o n the Geology o f the G reat L o f L u akes Region and the History the akes , drawing ill strations from the rocks and shore feat u res that cou ld be observed from the u was u b u e ven t u ship . So m ch interest aro sed y these disc ssions that was t o u all y it planned have the story written in brief , pop lar form , u so u with the necessary maps and ill strations , that it co ld be read at leisu re and retained as a memento o f su ch voyages . Y u an k o n u ears passed witho t y action being ta en this idea , ntil o f 1 8 M M . M in the fall 9 3 , iss Helen artin , geologist , associated with M G c S u w as t o u the ichigan eologi al rvey, engaged prepare the man A s sh i script . e s intimatel y famil iar with the geology o f the lakes k wh is u o f D . F ran L o region and a former st dent r everett ( , with F B . is fo r is the late rank Taylor , mainl y responsible what known o f the origin and development o f the G reat L akes) M iss Martin is l ifi f 1 u a e d fo r u . I o 93 9 especiall y q this ndertaking n the spring , u u t o her man script , sketch maps and photographs were t rned over D . u M r . M . who h as Harba gh , done the editorial work , prepared fi n al u . drawings , and designed and directed the p blication F o r u is t o P ickan ds M this l ittle vol me , the reader indebted , ather - C M . A . C C C and ompany, The Hanna ompany, The leveland liffs l b I C O e a 8: C . ron ompany, and g y, Norton ompany They join with others who have had a part in giving form t o the idea that initiated N E - SA W - E - WO u this booklet , in hoping that J N wil l be fo nd interesting and instructive . H a ba u h D . M . r g H a n na B uil ding l e v l C e a nd, Ohio l l 1 93 9 fi y, N E - S A W - J E - W O N CONTENTS S K ETCH O F THE S T OR Y — S ETTI NG F O R THE ICE - AGE DRAMA THE ROC K FORMATION S AND PRE - G LAC I AL H I S T OR Y O F THE G REAT LAKES REGION THE G LACIAL PERIOD AND ITS THE RECORDS MADE B Y RI VERS AND LAKES " " — LAKE MA UMEE THE FIRST O F THE G L ACIA L LAKES ’ ‘ EARLY LAKE C m c a c o ; LAKE JEAN N I C O L E I THE SECOND STAGE O F LAKE MAUMEE THE THIRD STAGE O F LAKE MAUMEE LAKE SAGINAW LAKE CHICAGO LAKE ARKONA E"PANDING LAKE CHICAGO RESTORED LAKE SAGI N AW ; LAKE N EWBERRY LAKE WHITTLESEY LAKE WAYNE " " EARLY LAKES O F THE S UPERIOR B ASIN LAKE WARREN LAKE D ULUTH LAKE ELKTON EARLY LAKE ALGONQUIN ; LAKE TONAWANDA N IAGARA RI VER AND THE B IRTH O F THE FALLS ; B EGINNING O F INDEPENDENT LAKE ERIE THE SECOND STAGE O F LAKE ALGONQUIN ; LAKE I ROQ U OIS ; LAKE ERIE CRUSTAL M OV E M E N T S O F THE EARTH MORE WORK O F N IAGARA RIVER THE RECORDS O F ALGONQUIN TIME THE N l P I SSl N G G REAT L A K E S THE MODERN GREAT LAKES " " THE ST O R Y U N F I N I S H E D CONTENTS Maps PAGE —REGIONAL MAP O F THE G REAT LAKES G M A P O F G R 1 2 FIGURE l . EOLOGICAL THE REAT LAKES EGION —G P O F N R T H 2 0 FIGURE 2 . LACIAL MA O AMERICA —G LA IAL P O F G R 2 2 FIGURE 3 . C MA THE REAT LAKES EGION —F 1 R sr O F G — C 3 2 FIGURE 4. THE LACIAL LAKES MAUMEE AND HICAGO -G LA IAL SA G I N A W CH CA FIGURE 5 . C LAKES MAUMEE , , I GO , AND JEAN N ICOLET —DIA G RA M S H OW IN G W O F VAR FIGURE 6 . ATER LEVELS THE IOUS STAGES O F LAKES IN THE ERI E B ASIN " " FIGURE 7 —GLACIA L LAKES ARKONA AND CHICAGO —G A W S AGIN AW CH CA 8 .