CALL TO ARMS • SOLDIERSHIP TRAINING FOR THE SALVATION ARMY • LEADER’S NOTES • i DOCTRINES 2-4: THE CREEDS The Creeds are early Christian statements of belief. They summarise key beliefs of Christianity into short and memorable statements. They were written in response to challenges to Christian belief to help the community clarify what was important. William Booth made it clear that “the Army had never imagined it would be able to teach anything new in regard to the Christian faith, ‘We keep ourselves with all our heart to the three Creeds’” (Chosen to be a Soldier p. 21). The purpose of the Creeds is to help us narrow in on what we really believe. The Creeds help us measure whether what we believe is really “the faith that was once for all delivered to the saints” (Jude 3 ESV). So although The Salvation Army has some key distinctives from other Christian groups, we hold to the orthodox Christian teachings and beliefs. One key thing to note concerning the ancient Creeds of the church is these Creeds were written at a time before the Church started to split off into major different denominations. So when they talk about the “catholic faith” or the “catholic church” they don’t mean what we would today mean by those terms. The term “catholic faith” means ‘the universal faith’ of the church; that which is believed universally by Jesus’ followers. The Creed’s were not referring to the Roman Catholic Church. The Apostles’ Creed The earliest version of this Creed dates back to the first or second century A.D., with later revisions to deal with various heresies as they arose. The earliest evidence we have of the Creed’s existence is a letter written by the Council of Milan in 390 A.D. However, the key statements in the Creed can also be found in the writings of Irenaeus (from Gaul, modern day France) and Tertullian (from North Africa) towards the end of the second century. The Apostles’ Creed emphasises what early Christians believed about the nature of God, his redemptive work through Jesus, and about the nature of the church and the end times. Apostles’ Creed: I believe in God the Father almighty, Maker of Heaven and earth: And in Jesus Christ his only Son our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Spirit, born of the Virgin Mary, suffered under Pontius Pilate, was crucified, dead and buried; he descended into Hell; the third day he rose again from the dead. He ascended into Heaven, and sits at the right hand of God the Father almighty; from where he shall come to judge the living and the dead. I believe in the Holy Ghost, the holy catholic church, the communion of saints, the forgiveness of sins, the resurrection of the body, and the life everlasting. The Nicene Creed (325-381 AD) The Nicene Creed was written in the fourth century in response to the crisis of the Arian heresy. Arians believed that Jesus was a created being and not equal with God. They believed he was God’s supreme creation, higher than humans, but not God. In response, this Creed was written as a concise CALL TO ARMS • SOLDIERSHIP TRAINING FOR THE SALVATION ARMY • LEADER’S NOTES • ii statement of what orthodox Christianity believes about who God is and the Trinitarian nature of the Godhead. It contains key statements from the Apostles’ Creed and develops them further. In the text below, you will see that the phrase “and the Son” is enclosed in square brackets. This phrase is known as the filioque, and has been the subject of much controversy since the Great Schism in 1054 when the Roman Catholic church split from the Eastern churches; asserting the primacy of the Pope and his right to alter the Creeds without the agreement of the other bishops. The earliest version of the Nicene Creed from the Second Ecumenical Council, agreed on by all the bishops, does not include this statement. It was inserted in the eleventh century by the Pope and is only used in the Western tradition. The Eastern churches do not use this statement to this day. The Eastern tradition believes that the insertion of “and the Son” leads to the underestimation of the Holy Spirit in the Western tradition. They see it as putting the Father and the Son together on one level, and lowering the position of the Holy Spirit. In comparison, the Western tradition believes that saying that the Holy Spirit proceeds only from the Father undermines the consubstantiality (unity of substance) of the Father and the Son, and thus lowers the position of the Son, with almost Arian consequences. We need to hold both the unity and the diversity of the Godhead together in tension. If we over-emphasise the unity of the Godhead then the uniqueness of the Persons gets lost. If we over-emphasise the Persons then we can slide into tritheism—the belief in three Gods, not one. Nicene Creed We believe in one God the Father almighty, Maker of Heaven and earth, and of all things visible and invisible. And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God, begotten of his Father before all worlds, God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father, by whom all things were made: Who for us and for our salvation came down from Heaven, and was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the Virgin Mary, and was made human, and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate. He suffered and was buried, and the third day he rose again according to the scriptures, and ascended into Heaven, and sits at the right hand of the Father. And he shall come again with glory to judge both the living and the dead; whose Kingdom shall have no end. And we believe in the Holy Spirit, Lord and Giver of life, who proceeds from the Father [and the Son], who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified, who has spoken by the prophets. And we believe in one holy catholic and apostolic church. We acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins. And we look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come. CALL TO ARMS • SOLDIERSHIP TRAINING FOR THE SALVATION ARMY • LEADER’S NOTES • iii The Athanasian Creed The Athanasian Creed dates back to around the sixth century. It gives special emphasis to explaining in further detail the doctrines of the Incarnation (God the Son becoming human) and the Trinity. It warns that those who do not hold to this faith will perish eternally. It further teaches that belief in the Incarnation of God the Son as human is also necessary to salvation. Those who do not believe these things “faithfully and firmly”, the Creed teaches cannot be saved. This Creed is really useful for keeping the idea of the unity and the diversity of the Persons of the Trinity in tension together. It directs us to make sure that we don’t “confound the persons”, that is don’t get them confused or mix them up, they are each unique and are different from one another in some regard. However we also must be careful not to “divide the substance”. The diversity of the Persons in the Godhead does not mean that God is divided within himself. This means that if you are going to visualise what the relations of the Persons in the Godhead looks like, a pie cut into three slices is a bad image. Understanding God is easiest when you choose to accept paradox and mystery and don’t require God to limit himself to the bounds of human reasoning. The relations between the Persons tell us in very inadequate language what God is like in himself from all eternity. To say that the Son was begotten of the Father does not mean that he was created, nor is it a reference to His incarnation. Rather this means that before the world was ever created there was something in the relationship between the Father and the Son which was like the relationship between a human father and his son. In the same way, when we say that the Holy Spirit “proceeds” from the Father, it tells us about the eternal relations of the Holy Spirit to the other members of the Trinity. This tells us that in some way the source of the Holy Spirit is the Father (and maybe the Son). At the same time because the Son was begotten, and the Spirit proceeded,before all ages what we are talking about is not a beginning, because the Son and the Holy Spirit are just as eternal and uncreated as the Father. The procession of the Holy Spirit should not be confused with the New Testament language about the Holy Spirit being sent by the Father, or by the Son, or being sent by the Father at the request of the Son. Just as with the Incarnation, the sending of the Spirit in the New Testament is a reference to God’s involvement with his creation, which in some way points to the eternal reality of who God is in himself, but is not the same thing. This Creed also shows us that attributes of God can be applied to each of the Persons. When we say that God is eternal, for example, this can equally be said of the Persons of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit.