SELF-PROPELLED ARTILLERY Argentine SP Artillery Canadian SP Artillery British SP Artillery Chinese SP Artillery Czech SP Artillery Egyptian SP Artillery French SP Artillery German SP Artillery Indian SP Artillery Israeli SP Artillery Italian SP Artillery Japanese SP Artillery Romanian SP Artillery Russian SP Artillery South African SP Artillery South Korean SP Artillery Swedish SP Artillery Syrian SP Artillery Turkish SP Artillery US SP Artillery TAMSE VCA-155 Notes: Also known simply as the VCA, this self-propelled artillery vehicle is used only by Argentina. It marries the TAP chassis (an abandoned heavy tank version of the TAM light tank) with the turret from the Italian Palmaria self-propelled artillery vehicle. The VCA- 155 was designed to replace the elderly AMX Mk F3 that the Argentines were using (and still use, until all of them have been replaced). The VCA-155 first entered service in 1997, but production rates have been slow and only 19 were in service by 1999. Since Palmaria turret is no longer being produced, it is unlikely that there will be any more procurement of these turrets; however, Argentina purchased a total of 20 of these turrets, so it is possible that there may be one more VCA-155 in the Argentine Army’s future. The TAP chassis is basically a lengthened version of the TAM with seven roadwheels on each side. The VCA-155 is surprisingly modern, with equipment normally found in many 1st World SP howitzers. This is not only due to forward-thinking engineers and designers, but also due to the Palmaria turret and its equipment. This combat equipment includes fire control and mission plotting computers, inertial navigation, two long-range secure radios (one of which is slaved to the fire control equipment) as well as secure short and medium-range radios for general communications, and a digital link to the VCCDT FDC vehicle. A system called TRUENO also allows the VCA-155 to operate in automatic mode, taking directions from the FDC, inputting them directly to the fire control computer, and requiring only that the howitzer charges be loaded manually. Without the FDC, the gun has a basic, if uncomplicated, fire control system, capable of direct fire and requiring normal fire solution calculations for proper targeting (though this process is speeded up by the VCA-155’s computer). Like most modern vehicles, turret rotation is hydraulic with manual backup. The gun has a semiautomatic loader; it loads the rounds into the gun from a magazine consisting of half its onboard ammunition, and requiring that the charges for the projectile be loaded manually. This greatly reduces crew fatigue. Though the turret is the Palmaria’s turret, it uses an L/41 gun, rather than the Palmaria’s L/39 gun. This gives it a slight edge in range while keeping costs down somewhat. (Italy developed the L/41 version of its L/39 gun specifically for the export market.) The gun is capable of firing all but the most modern of 155mm rounds. The turret also has a coaxial machinegun. The turret is slightly to the rear of center of the vehicle. The driver is on the front left, with the powerpack on his right; the front vision block can be switched between day and night channels. The commander is in the turret on the right, with vision blocks surrounding his hatch and a pintle- mounted weapon; to his right in the turret is a loader’s hatch which is a simple hatch with no vision blocks and no weapon mount. The gunner has night vision gear for the gun and general use, as well as a fire control equipment for direct fire if necessary. Two loaders complete the crew. On each side of the turret is a bank of four smoke grenade launchers. Vehicular ammunition supply is on the short side; the VCA-155 normally travels with several ammunition supply vehicles (normally high-capacity trucks). The VCA-155 has a rear door for the loading of projectiles and charges from an exterior ammunition source. Power is provided by an MTU MB-833 Ka500 diesel engine, developing 720 horsepower, with an automatic transmission and torsion bar suspension In addition, the VCA-155 has a 5kW APU that allows the VCA-155 to operate longer without the engine on. Armor is welded aluminum, and is pretty decent compared to other SP howitzer vehicles. The VCA-155 normally carries two drum- type long-range fuel tanks at the rear; unlike comparable Russian designs, these drums have fuel pumps which allow them to sit level with the rear of the vehicle, stopping fuel from pouring into the vehicle if they are hit. Armor is of aluminum alloy; since it has a light tank chassis, hull armor, especially the glacis, is substantial, and the turret was armored to match the hull. There are large turret bustle racks for crew equipment on the rear of the turret. There are “windows” on the rear sides of the turret; these can be opened for observation, ventilation, or to supervise external ammunition source loading. They have armored covers, and the covers swing down for opening. There are also large doors on the sides of the turret; these do not have vision blocks in them and are merely doors. Price Fuel Type Load Veh Wt Crew Mnt Night Vision Radiological $884,890 D, A 500 kg 40 tons 5 21 Passive IR (D, G), Shielded Image Intensification (G) Tr Mov Com Mov Fuel Cap Fuel Cons Config Susp Armor 143/100 40/28 873+400 266 Trtd T4 TF21 TS8 TR8 HF32 HS6 HR6 Fire Control Stabilization Armament Ammunition +2 Basic 155mm L/41 Howitzer, MAG, MAG or M-2HB 47x155mm, 1700x7.62mm or 1000x (C) .50 Montreal Locomotive Works Sexton Notes: Though the Canadians and British liked the US M-7 Priest self-propelled howitzer, the 105mm howitzer was not a standard issue gun for the Canadians or British during World War 2, which led to supply problems. The Canadian MoD therefore decided to build a self-propelled howitzer based on the Priest, but using the 25-pounder field gun that was standard with Canadian and British forces. This vehicle became the Sexton; in addition to the Canadian Army, the Sexton was used by the British (in the later years of the war) and several other Commonwealth nations used the Sexton. The last known user was India, who used the Sexton II and the Sexton GPO until the mid-1980s, and still keeps most of their Sexton force in functional storage. The Sexton was actually three vehicles, all based around the 25-pounder gun. The Australians also built an SPH based around the 25-pounder gun (the Yeremba), but based on yet a different chassis. The Sexton I was based on the Ram tank; the Sexton II was based on the M-3A1 Lee hull, and the Sexton GPO was a mobile FDC used with Sexton-equipped units (and will be found in Canadian Artillery Support Vehicles). At any rate, the Sexton ended up looking basically the same (since all three had a Sherman chassis), and differed only in small details. The Sexton I is based on a Ram tank chassis, which was in turn based on stock M-4 Sherman hulls. Only 175 were built (with the remaining being Sexton IIs or GPOs). The vehicle had a crew of six: driver, commander, gunner, gun-layer, loader, and radio operator. As with most such vehicles, the interior is cramped, most internal space taken up with firing equipment, fuzes, charge bags, and the shells themselves. The Sexton I used a British (later Canadian)-built engine, a Continental RG-75-C1 gasoline engine developing 400 horsepower, and with a manual transmission and with tillers for steering. The Sexton II upped the ante to a Continental RG75 developing 475 horsepower, again with the manual transmission and tiller transmission. The engine is at the rear on an extended chassis deck. The Sexton used the VVSS suspension pioneered on the M-3 Grant and Lee and made famous by the M-4 Sherman. There are no shock absorbers, as shock absorption is included in the VVSS suspension. For use with the Sexton GPO, the Sextons had three hookups for field telephones, and also carried three field telephones on the vehicle in addition to their radios. The main armament consisted of a self-powered 25-pounder gun. The gun has a depression of -9 degrees and an elevation of +40 degrees; it could also traverse 15 degrees right and 25 degrees left. This gun movement, however, was manual, done by hand wheels. Depression was more than sufficient for direct fire, and the Sexton sometimes carried anti-armor shells and was used as a tank destroyer. Sextons were also sometimes used as antiaircraft artillery. The howitzer had to be extensively modified to take the 25- pounder gun, particularly in the recoil dampening department and to compensate for a lack of gun trails. Two Bren guns were provided to the crew, though they did not have actual mounts. No pulpit-type mount, like on the US M-7 Priest, was present on the Sexton. The Sexton did, however, carry 50 magazines for its Bren guns. Rudimentary (even for the time) aiming tools were provided; however, most firing calculations were carried out in the GPO. There was no overhead protection, other than tarps which could be mounted on small bows. Most of the crew was in the open area around the gun; however, the driver was in the front of the superstructure on the right side, and had an open window in front of him, with an armored shutter which had a vision slit in it.